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Foreword
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction: History and Core Concepts
Lisa B. Whitenack
2. The Nonvertebrate Chordates
3. Vertebrate Origins
4. Embryology
Bradley M. Hersh
5. Form and Function
Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard
6. Integument
Bill Ryerson
7. Bone and Cartilage
8. The Skull
Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson
9. Postcranial Axial Skeleton
10. Appendicular Skeleton
Vanessa K Hilliard
11. Muscle Tissue
12. Gross Muscle Anatomy
13. Digestive System
Samantha C. Leigh and Donovan P. German
14. Respiratory System
Elska Kaczmarek; Jackson Phillips; and Bill Ryerson
15. Circulatory System
Bjarke Jensen; William Joyce; Tobias Wang; Bill Ryerson; and Lisa B. Whitenack
16. Urogenital System: Excretion
17. Urogenital System: Reproduction
18. Central Nervous System
19. Peripheral Nervous System
20. Nervous System: Sensory Organs
Brett Aiello; Lauren Simonitis; Kate Criswell; and Bill Ryerson
21. Endocrine System
Jennifer L. Houtz
Attributions
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Contributors
Update History
April 2026: Accessibility updates: alt text, contrast, tables
June 2026: Accessibility updates: headings
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Comparative Vertebrate and Human Anatomy: Ecology, Evolution, and Function by Vanessa K Hilliard; Lisa B. Whitenack; and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.