{"id":506,"date":"2025-05-26T17:03:23","date_gmt":"2025-05-26T17:03:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=506"},"modified":"2025-09-07T13:32:10","modified_gmt":"2025-09-07T13:32:10","slug":"designing-and-using-visual-aids-to-reach-an-audience","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/chapter\/designing-and-using-visual-aids-to-reach-an-audience\/","title":{"raw":"Designing and Using Visual Aids to Reach an Audience","rendered":"Designing and Using Visual Aids to Reach an Audience"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-pf\">Students will:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Construct visual aids that fulfill eight design principles.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use visual aids effectively during a speech by following five usage principles.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt;\">The previous chapter introduced you to three types of visual digital aids: presentation software, video, and audience-interactive visual aids. Understanding the strengths and drawbacks of each is helpful. However, knowing how to design and use them effectively is essential.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">This chapter gives you specific advice\u2014dos and don\u2019ts\u2014for designing and using visual aids. Much of what follows applies to any of the three types of visual aids, and we will highlight how as we go. We begin with designing or preparing visual aids. We then turn to using or incorporating visual aids into a presentation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1 class=\"import-ah\">Design Principles<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">In the previous chapter, we established four goals for visual aids: increase the clarity of your message, enhance audience attention and recall, strengthen your credibility, and improve your effort to inform or persuade the audience.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">How do you produce visual aids that help accomplish these goals? We offer eight design principles\u2014or advice to follow\u2014to guide your preparation: visual aids should be visual, less is more, consider spacing and positioning, use color strategically, consider what your visual choices suggest, consider readability for all audience members, strive for high quality, and follow copyright and academic honesty rules.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Visual Aids Should Be Visual<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">We begin with the design principle\u2014and reminder\u2014that visual aids should be <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">visual<\/em><\/span>. If you are tempted to put blocks of text or bulleted lists into presentation software or a video, stop yourself. Ask if that same <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">information can be communicated visually<\/span><\/span>. For example,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Can you show a photograph of the person you are quoting rather than simply typing the quote?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can you display a fraction, like \u00be, by displaying four stick figures and coloring three of them blue and one green rather than just writing \u00be?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can you illustrate your point through a visual metaphor? Consider the example in box 29.1.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Box 29.1 Making Visual Aids Visual<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNotice the following difference between a visual aid that presents information about plastic waste in textual form (on the top) and a visual metaphor (on the bottom).\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2625 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture1-1024x578.png\" alt=\"slide with recycling stats - of all plastic was produced in the US, 5% recyled, 9% combusted, and 86% in landfills\" width=\"850\" height=\"480\" \/>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_356\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"850\"]<img class=\"wp-image-356\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image302-1024x572.png\" alt=\"Slide that says, &quot;86% Trashed&quot; and shows a wastebasket with plastic bottles inside.\" width=\"850\" height=\"475\" \/> Inset <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/sprite-plastic-bottle-on-table--2lJGRIY5P0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">image<\/a> by Nick Fewings via Unsplash, <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unsplash License<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">As you design your visual aids, reduce the number of words wherever possible and think of ways to visually communicate the information instead.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Less Is More<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2629\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"180\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2629\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Chap-29-Less-is-More-image-1.png\" alt=\"image of a clutterd slide with a red crossout symbol overlaid on it\" width=\"180\" height=\"153\" \/> Noun project icon adapted by the author.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">A second design principle is \u201cless is more.\u201d Any graphic designer will tell you not to be afraid of <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">white space<\/strong><\/span>, or the empty space between elements on a slide or on the screen. Your audience will have a much easier time processing your photo, chart, or video footage if it is not overcrowded with information.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">As you put together your visual aid, ask yourself, What is its central message? Will the audience have their eye drawn to that message?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>On <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">slides<\/em><\/span>, for instance, avoid putting multiple images\u2014say, two charts and a photograph\u2014on one slide. Instead, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">choose the single most impactful image<\/span><\/span> to communicate the message. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Give each image its <span class=\"import-u\">own slide or moment<\/span><\/span> if they make different points.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">video<\/em><\/span>, avoid adding multiple cuts, visual effects, and animation to a single segment. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Allow for some <span class=\"import-u\">degree of stillness<\/span><\/span> so your audience can focus on the footage itself.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When using <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">audience-interactive visual aids<\/em><\/span>, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">beware of pairing<\/span> them<\/span> with additional visual aids. It can be very difficult, especially for an older audience, for example, to skim viewers\u2019 live chats while also watching a video clip.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Consider Spacing and Positioning<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Third, consider <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">spacing or positioning<\/em><\/span> when designing visual aids by paying attention to alignment and proximity. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Alignment<\/strong><\/span> is the deliberate placement of the elements within a given slide or frame. Alignment includes how photos, text, and captions are lined up with one another (center them, left-justify them, etc.). You don\u2019t want anything to look randomly placed. When elements on your slide or in the camera\u2019s frame, like corporate logos or titles, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">have visual similarity in where they appear and in relation to one another<\/span><\/span>, your presentation looks more professional.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Proximity<\/strong><\/span> says that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">items that are similar should be placed next to one another<\/span><\/span>. Placing items together creates a visual unit, and the eye readily understands that these elements are part of a group. If you are talking about the advantages or drawbacks of a particular solution, for instance, the proximity principle says,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"width: 1067px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; width: 291.506px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The advantages should appear together,<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; width: 429.73px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\" style=\"text-align: center;\">and<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; width: 293.537px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\">the disadvantages should appear together.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Mixing or randomly placing these elements confuses rather than clarifies. The purpose of proximity is to help organize the material for the audience.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Box 29.2 Using White Space and Alignment in Visual Aids<\/strong>\r\n\r\nImagine a student who wants to deliver a speech that advocates the ecological benefits of hunting.\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Slide A:<\/strong><\/span> This slide was hastily designed. It offers a confusing and crowded collage of images associated with hunting. The audience would not be sure what to focus on or what conclusions to draw from it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_358\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-358 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image304-1024x717.png\" alt=\"Slide with seven different pictures together depicting men with hunting rifles, adult and baby deer, a park ranger vehicle, and money depicted as cash and gold bars.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"717\" \/> Images L-R by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/man-in-brown-jacket-and-black-pants-sitting-on-brown-grass-field-during-daytime-Dj4E8IIo8y4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> maxx \u2744<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/white-and-black-printer-paper-WyxqQpyFNk8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Giorgio Trovato; <\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/white-honda-suv-parked-near-green-trees-during-daytime-tawDAGiDerg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Yaroslav Muzychenko<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/man-using-sniper-rifle-bgJiSoC7kMM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Sebastian Pociecha<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/gold-and-black-metal-tool-iYsrkq5qq0Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Jingming Pan<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/brown-deer-under-tree-iQRKBNKyRpo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Philipp Pilz<\/a>; and <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/brown-deer-on-green-grass-during-daytime-tjvDrLM-9BU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Robert Woeger<\/a>; via Unsplash, <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unsplash License<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Slide B:<\/strong><\/span> This slide more effectively supports the student\u2019s message because it strategically incorporates white space <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">and<\/em><\/span> aligns images in a meaningful way.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_359\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-359 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image305-1024x717.png\" alt=\"Infographic slide titled &quot;Hunters as Conservationists&quot; showing a circular cycle: hunters pay excise taxes \u2192 funds go to wildlife agencies \u2192 agencies conserve habitat and game \u2192 resources support hunters. Includes images of a hunter, money, a park ranger vehicle, and a deer.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"717\" \/> Images L-R by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/brown-deer-on-green-grass-during-daytime-tjvDrLM-9BU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Robert Woeger<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/man-using-sniper-rifle-bgJiSoC7kMM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Sebastian Pociecha<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/white-honda-suv-parked-near-green-trees-during-daytime-tawDAGiDerg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Yaroslav Muzychenko<\/a>; and <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/white-and-black-printer-paper-WyxqQpyFNk8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Giorgio Trovato; <\/a>via Unsplash, <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unsplash License<\/a>. <br \/><em>Right-click image to enlarge in a new tab.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Use Color Strategically<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">A fourth design principle is to <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">use colors strategically<\/em><\/span>, such as through contrast and harmony. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Visual contrast<\/strong><\/span> is optical difference, and the idea here is that you should <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">make elements that are <\/span><span class=\"import-u\">different from one another in kind <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">visually<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> different as well<\/span><\/span>. For example, imagine using the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"height: 148px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\" style=\"height: 37px;\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"background-color: #ed7d31; border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; height: 37px; width: 586.08px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">An orange background for images of <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">trash<\/em><\/span> contrasted with\u2026<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\" style=\"height: 37px;\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"background-color: #00b050; border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; height: 37px; width: 586.08px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\">a green background for images of <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">recycling<\/em><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"height: 148px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\" style=\"height: 37px;\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; height: 37px; width: 586.08px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><span class=\"import-ccust1\">Gray tones for items that <\/span><em class=\"import-ccust1-i\">cannot<\/em><span class=\"import-ccust1\"> be recycled, contrasted with\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\" style=\"height: 37px;\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; height: 37px; width: 586.08px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\"><span class=\"import-ccust2\" style=\"color: #ff0000;\">bright colors<\/span> <span class=\"import-ccust3\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">for items<\/span> <span style=\"color: #800080;\">that <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">can<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-abbr\"> be recycled<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt;\">Contrasting colors can create a visual \u201cpop\u201d and quickly help the eye determine what is important or different.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Visual harmony<\/strong><\/span>, on the other hand, is the pleasure produced by <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">colors that complement or go well together<\/span><\/span>. You generally want all the colors you choose on a given visual aid or within a video, even when contrasting, to produce harmony (thus, orange and green work nicely together even as they contrast). When color choices are disharmonious\u2014such as if you pair canary yellow with neon green\u2014the resulting visual aid can produce discomfort and distract the audience.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Consider What Your Visual Choices Suggest<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Fifth, consider what your visual choices <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">suggest<\/em><\/span>. Rhetorical scholar Sonja K. Foss writes that we can understand and evaluate the nature of an image by paying attention to both its presented elements and its suggested visual elements. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Presented visual elements<\/strong><\/span> are the \u201cmajor physical features of the image,\u201d such as size, color, shapes, form, background, and so forth. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Suggested visual elements<\/strong><\/span> are \u201cthe concepts, ideas, themes, and allusions that a viewer is likely to infer from presented elements.\u201d[footnote]Sonja K. Foss, \u201cTheory of Visual Rhetoric,\u201d in <em>Handbook of Visual Communication: Theory, Methods, Media<\/em>, eds. Ken Smith, Sandra Moriarty, Gretchen Barbatsis, and Keith Kenny (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005), 141\u201352.[\/footnote] In other words, suggested elements may help us determine how audiences receive and understand the image.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Many types of visual choices communicate information to audiences:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-blf\">We already mentioned that <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">alignment and proximity<\/em><\/span> can suggest <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">similarities or distinctions <\/span><\/span>among visual elements.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bl0\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">Size differences<\/em><\/span> can allude to distinctions such as inferring the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">superiority<\/span><\/span> of large images compared to the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">weakness or inferiority<\/span><\/span> of smaller images.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bll\">Certain <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">colors<\/em><\/span> can suggest <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">emotions and associations<\/span><\/span>. We relate red with anger, passion, and danger, for example, and pink with femininity. In Western cultures white connotes purity (the origin of the traditional white wedding dress), whereas in China, white is associated with death and is the color of mourning. Chinese brides wear red, a color that signifies good fortune.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-pcon\">Cultural contexts may be important to keep in mind as you anticipate what your visual choices suggest to your audience. For an example of how to use presented visual elements effectively to suggest information that supports your point, read box 29.3.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Box 29.3 Visual Elements Function Rhetorically<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf you delivered a speech about the harms of firearms for children in the US, which slide would better communicate your message?\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Slide A:<\/strong><\/span> This slide presents <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">disharmonious<\/em><\/span> colors, making it unpleasant to look at. Also, its visual <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">layout<\/em><\/span> <strong>suggests<\/strong> that all causes of child mortality are equal even though the percentages indicate otherwise.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_360\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-360 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image306-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Slide titled, &quot;Top 5 Causes of Child Mortality as a Percentage of all Causes.&quot; Below that are five causes, firearems, motor vehicle accident, cancer, poisoning, and suffocation, each with an icon and a percentage. The icon are on a very bright green background, and the title is on a bright yellow background.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" \/> Right-click image to enlarge in a new tab.[\/caption]\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Slide B:<\/strong><\/span> Notice how this slide makes use of differences in <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">positioning, size, and harmonious colors<\/em><\/span> <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">to suggest<\/strong><\/span> that one cause of child mortality\u2014firearms\u2014is greater and more worrisome than the others. We tend to <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">associate<\/strong><\/span> height, larger size, and darker colors with importance or authority.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2632\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"850\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2632\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture2.png\" alt=\"Slide titled, &quot;Top 5 Causes of Child Mortality as a Percentage of all Causes.&quot; Below that are five causes, each with an icon and a percentage. The icons are at different heights (high to low) and are different sizes (large to small) to correspond with their percentages. Each is a different color.\" width=\"850\" height=\"477\" \/> Right-click image to enlarge in a new tab.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Ensure Readability<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Sixth, consider <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">readability<\/em><\/span> for all audience members. Remember that what is clear and visible on your computer screen may translate well for viewers watching through a screen remotely, but not for an in-person audience when <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">projected onto a screen<\/span><\/span>. Yellow, for instance, can be very difficult to read when projected, especially against a white background.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_362\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"256\"]<img class=\"wp-image-362 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image308.png\" alt=\"Red circle with the number 74 written in green, used a test for colorblindness\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eight_Ishihara_charts_for_testing_colour_blindness,_Europe_Wellcome_L0059158.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ishihara chart<\/a> via Wikimedia Commons, <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC-BY<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Remember, too, that audience members may have varying quality of vision. Thus,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-blf\">As you choose <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">images and fonts<\/em><\/span>, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">go <span class=\"import-u\">larger<\/span><\/span> than you might otherwise and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">avoid overly fancy or embellished font styles<\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bl0\">If you are showing <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">video<\/em><\/span> and want audience members to see particular elements, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">pause<\/span><\/span> the video and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">point<\/span><\/span> to those elements or also <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">use (possibly enlarged) still shots<\/span><\/span> taken from the video to ensure everyone can see the crucial parts.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bl0\">Know, too, that a fair number of people have color vision deficiency (frequently referred to as being <a class=\"rId516\" href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/8LZ2-S75G\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em class=\"import-url-i\">color blind<\/em><\/a>), meaning they struggle to see differences between colors. Two of the most prevalent forms of color blindness are between <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">red and green<\/span><\/span> and between <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">blue and yellow<\/span><\/span>. So if you want to contrast colors, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">opt for alternative combinations<\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">\u00a0Strive for High Quality<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Seventh, strive for <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">high quality<\/em><\/span> in your visual aids. While it may seem unfair, nothing undercuts the impact of a carefully prepared speech like a typo in your visual aid. Audience members read such seemingly small errors as marks of carelessness or lack of preparation. Thus you should <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">read and reread your visual aids for spelling or grammatical errors<\/span><\/span> before your presentation.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Similarly, a low-quality <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">image<\/span> can hurt your credibility. This is especially true when presenting in person. An <span class=\"import-u\">image<\/span> needs to be <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">large enough<\/span><\/span> for the people in the back of the room to see, and it <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">should not be blurry<\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> or pixelated<\/span><\/span> when projected.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Creating your own visual aid<\/span><\/span> better ensures a high-quality image. In the previous chapter, we explained that making your own visual aid also ensures it is customized to your specific speech\u2019s needs. The final usage principle will add that using your own image avoids copyright concerns.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Follow Copyright and Academic Honesty Rules<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Finally, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">follow copyright and academic honesty rules<\/em><\/span>. It can be difficult to navigate copyright laws, especially when speaking in an educational context. Therefore, we provide guidance both for the images or video clips and for citing them.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"import-ch\">Creating or Borrowing Images and Video<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">To be safe, whenever possible, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">create your own<\/em><\/span> images (pictures, charts, infographics, etc.) and video (clips, GIFs, etc.).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2222\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-2222\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/cc.logo_.large_-300x72.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons Logo\" width=\"300\" height=\"72\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/logos\/cc.logo.large.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Logo<\/a> by Creative Commons, <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/policies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Used per Creative Commons policies<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">If it\u2019s not possible to make your own, use images and videos that are <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">legally free to use<\/em><\/span>. These might be called \u201copen access,\u201d \u201cCreative Commons,\u201d \u201cpublic domain,\u201d \u201croyalty-free,\u201d \u201cfree stock,\u201d or simply \u201cfree,\u201d and there are many websites devoted to them. Just search for \u201cCreative Commons images\u201d to find several websites. Alternatively, after conducting a Google Images search, find the Google \u201cTool\u201d that allows you to specify that your results only show images with \u201cUsage Rights\u201d set to \u201cCreative Commons licenses.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Once again, you should also discover what resources your college or university can make available to you. It is possible your library already subscribes to an image service you can use for free. Otherwise, if an image or video does not explicitly give you permission to use it, assume it is protected by US copyright law.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">If you really want to use a copyright-protected image or video and do not have explicit permission to use it, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">try to obtain permission<\/em><\/span> from the copyright holder. Explain who you are (likely a student), what you want to use (the specific image or video), what you will use it for (likely a class assignment), and who the audience will include (likely your instructor and classmates). This path can be simple if the holder is clearly named, is easy to contact, is quickly responsive to your request, and grants you free access. More typically, however, it is not that easy or fast, which is why creating your own images or finding legally available images or videos is a preferable option.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_364\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"439\"]<img class=\"wp-image-364 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image310.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"439\" height=\"293\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.picpedia.org\/legal-01\/d\/doctrine-of-fair-use.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doctrine Of Fair Use<\/a> by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nyphotographic.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nick Youngson<\/a> via <a href=\"https:\/\/pix4free.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pix4free.org<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-SA<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Fortunately, in some cases, you can legally use copyrighted images or video clips without receiving permission. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Fair use<\/strong><\/span> is a <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><a class=\"rId519\" href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/L7CD-LP35\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-url\">legal doctrine<\/span><\/a><\/span> that allows copyrighted material to be used without explicit permission, based on four factors:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-blf\">the purpose and character of use<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bl0\">the amount or substantiality of use compared with the work as a whole<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bl0\">the nature of the copyrighted work<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bll\">the effect on the potential market for sale or value of the copyrighted material<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-pcon\">You must apply these four factors <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">each time<\/em><\/span> you want to use a copyright-protected image or video to assess the applicability of fair use.[footnote]\u201cU.S. Copyright Office Fair Use Index,\u201d U.S. Copyright Office, updated February 2025, https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/fair-use\/, archived at <a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/L7CD-LP35\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/L7CD-LP35<\/a>.[\/footnote] Your librarian or professor may be able to help you, and your college or university may have a guide to fair use that provides a more detailed explanation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"import-ch\">Citing Images and Video<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Whenever you use images or videos you did not fully create by yourself, exercise academic honesty by correctly citing them through written citations. That means abiding by the following advice:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Follow a style guide (like MLA or APA). They typically have citation guides for artwork, YouTube videos, social media posts, and so on.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you used legally free images or videos, follow our advice in chapter 9 to <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/chapter\/finding-and-documenting-research-sources#TASL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use the TASL method<\/a> developed by the creators of Creative Commons licenses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you used some form of artificial intelligence (AI) to produce a visual aid, follow our guidance in chapter 9 for <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/chapter\/finding-and-documenting-research-sources#cua\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citing the use of AI tools<\/a>: Name the AI tool and version you used as well as the company that makes it, list the date you used the tool and what you used it for, and include a URL to the tool.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you used copyrighted material based on the fair use doctrine or with the originator\u2019s permission, you should <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><a class=\"rId521\" href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/KGT2-USJA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-url\">specify that along with your citation<\/span><\/a><\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">You might wonder <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">where<\/em><\/span> you should include written citation information for viewers. Recall our advice in chapter 9 to either create a \"credit page\" at the end of the slide deck or video or add citations to the visual slides or in the video itself. If you choose the latter, you can use a small font and a low positioning of the citation so it does not compete with the image or video for the audience\u2019s attention. Wherever you decide to offer a written citation of a visual image or video, including the citation builds your credibility by giving credit to the source who created the image or video clip.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Box 29.4 Improving Your Visual Aid Design<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAfter you have created a visual aid, improve it by using the design principles and answering the following questions. Alternatively, apply the principles to a peer\u2019s visual aid to help them improve their design.\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-tch\"><strong>Design Principle<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-tch\"><strong>Questions to Ask about the Visual Aid<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\">Visual aids should be visual.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Is the aid more visual than textual?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Can any words be removed?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">How might existing words or numbers be communicated visually instead?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\">Less is more.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Is the eye drawn to the visual aid\u2019s central focus or message?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">What excess information or editing can be removed so the main visual point pops out?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">If visual aids are crowded together, can they be separated onto different slides so they each have their own moment?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\">Consider spacing and positioning.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Are visual elements aligned in ways that appear strategic and meaningful? How might their alignment be improved?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Does the proximity of visual elements communicate similarities or differences? How might proximity be used more intentionally?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\">Use color strategically.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Do contrasting colors help the eye determine what is important or different? How might contrast be used better?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Are color choices harmonic overall? Which colors should be changed to achieve harmony?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\">Consider what your visual choices suggest.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">What might the presented visual elements (colors, size, shapes, etc.) suggest or imply?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Do the suggestions support the point being made? If not, how might the presented elements be altered?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">How well are the suggested elements adapted to the direct audience\u2019s culture and context?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\">Consider readability for all audience members.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Is the visual aid easy to see and\/or read? Should anything be enlarged or any video paused?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">If speaking in person, are all the visual elements clear when projected onto a screen?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Does the visual aid avoid pairing red and green or blue and yellow?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\">Strive for high quality.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Is all writing free of typos or misspellings?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Are images or videos high resolution?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-td\">Follow copyright and academic honesty rules.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Did you create your own images and\/or video? If you were helped by AI, did you name the tool you used?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Did you use images or videos that are copyright protected? If so, did you gain permission to use them and indicate that in your citation?<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-tdul\">Did you accurately cite visual aids you did not create?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1 class=\"import-ah\">Usage Principles<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Once you have designed your visual aids, plan how you will incorporate them into your speech. We offer five usage principles, or advice, to guide you: introduce and explain your visual aids, give the audience time to digest your visual aids, do not be afraid of a blank slide or screen, talk to the audience or camera rather than to your visual aids, and practice with your visual aids.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Introduce and Explain Your Visual Aids<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\"><img class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image311.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"136.066666666667px\" height=\"136.066666666667px\" \/>First, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">introduce and explain<\/em><\/span> your visual aids. Do not expect your visual aids to speak for themselves or for their connection to your speech to be self-evident. Instead, <span class=\"import-u\">introduce<\/span> your slide, video clip, or audience-interactive visual aid by providing a transition and any necessary context or instructions. Then <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">explicitly acknowledge<\/span><\/span> your visual aid and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">explain<\/span> what you hope the audience notices or concludes from it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-blf\">If you display a <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">chart<\/em><\/span>, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">graph<\/em><\/span>, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">map<\/em><\/span>, or <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">photograph<\/em><\/span>, for instance, point out what you want the audience to visually attend to.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bl0\">If you play a <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">video clip<\/em><\/span>, cue the audience for what to look for and\/or explain afterward what they should have noticed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bl0\">If you use an <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">audience-interactive visual aid<\/em><\/span>, draw conclusions from the resulting visual aid that the audience\u2019s feedback helped produce.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Give the Audience Time to Digest Your Visual Aids<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">A second usage principle is to <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">give audiences time<\/em><\/span> to digest your visual aid. It takes people a moment to process a visual aid, even when it\u2019s simple. Consider <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">pausing<\/span><\/span> while they watch or read, and plan that moment into your allotted time. When you talk, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">speak about the visual aid<\/span><\/span>, which buys your audience more time to focus on it. If you too quickly move to the next point in your speech, the audience\u2019s attention will be split between listening to you and reading your slide, chart, or GIF. They are more likely to pay attention to the visual aid than to you.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Do Not Be Afraid of a Blank Slide or Screen<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Third, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">do not be afraid of a blank slide or screen<\/em><\/span>. Shifting to a blank screen at key points in the speech\u2014for instance, when you want to tell a story\u2014is a great way to refocus attention on you and your ideas. You do not need to show an endless series of images or clips while you speak.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Talk to the Audience or Camera Rather Than to Your Visual Aids<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Fourth, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">talk to the audience or camera<\/em><\/span> rather than to your visual aids. When <span class=\"import-u\"><em>speaking in person<\/em>, <\/span>we recommend the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-blf\">Don\u2019t turn your back on the audience to face your visual aids projected onto a screen. Keep your body <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">facing your audience<\/span><\/span> even as you glance at your visual aids to talk through them.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bll\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Don\u2019t read from your visual aids<\/span><\/span>! Don\u2019t stare at the slides as if looking for answers. Use your speaking notes instead and make eye contact with the audience if you are able.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-pcon\">When speaking<em> <span class=\"import-u\">remotely through a screen<\/span><\/em>, we similarly insist on the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-blf\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Don\u2019t read your notes<\/span><\/span> from your computer or tablet screen nor look only at the visual aids you are sharing on your screen. If your face is visible, it is obvious to viewers that your eyes are looking down, away, or even left and right as you read your notes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bl0\">Instead, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">look at the camera<\/span><\/span> if you can, or, if appropriate, turn off your camera and just focus viewers\u2019 attention on your visual aids while you discuss them.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Practice with Your Visual Aids<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Finally, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">practice with your visual aids<\/em><\/span>. This is one of the best pieces of advice we can offer. Many presentations could be more powerful if slides, a video clip, or an audience-interactive visual aid were timed better. Practicing your speech with visual aids will help you work out the timing and gain familiarity and confidence using them.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Box 29.5 Improving Your Use of Visual Aids<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhen incorporating visual aids into your presentation, abide by the following usage principles as you prepare and practice your speech:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Verbally introduce and explain your visual aids.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give the audience time to digest your visual aids.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do not be afraid of a blank slide or screen.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Talk to the audience or camera rather than to your visual aids.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Practice with your visual aids.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">In conclusion, we remind you that visual aids are powerful\u2014and potentially fun\u2014public speaking tools. As you plan and design your visual aids, keep your focus on the ways visual aids can assist and build civic engagement in a well-crafted speech.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Summary<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Visual aids offer many advantages to speakers when they are well designed and effectively incorporated into a speech. However, when poorly crafted or mishandled, visual aids can do more harm than good. In this chapter, we established the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-blf\">Eight basic design principles will help you create visual aids that are thoughtful, strategic, and memorable: Visual aids should be visual, less is more, consider spacing and positioning, use color strategically, consider what your visual choices suggest, strive for high quality, and follow copyright and academic honesty rules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-bl0\">Follow five usage principles to incorporate visual aids into your presentation effectively: Introduce and explain your visual aids, give the audience time to digest your visual aids, do not be afraid of a blank slide or screen, talk to the audience or camera rather than to your visual aids, and practice with your visual aids.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nalignment\r\nfair use\r\npresented visual element\r\nproximity\r\nsuggested visual element\r\nvisual contrast\r\nvisual harmony\r\nwhite space\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Review Questions<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What are seven principles of design for visual aids?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Name five principles for using visual aids.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How can alignment, proximity, visual contrast, visual harmony, and white space improve your visual aid design?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Discussion Questions<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Find an example of a visual aid that you think exhibits excellent design. Show it to your class and discuss with your classmates how it implements design principles.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What are some of the worst mistakes you have seen speakers make in their visual aid design? What design principle(s) did they violate, and how could they have improved their visual aid?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does the use of visual aids affect the credibility of speakers? When do you think the judgments we make about speakers\u2019 visual aids are fair and when are they unfair?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-pf\">Students will:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Construct visual aids that fulfill eight design principles.<\/li>\n<li>Use visual aids effectively during a speech by following five usage principles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt;\">The previous chapter introduced you to three types of visual digital aids: presentation software, video, and audience-interactive visual aids. Understanding the strengths and drawbacks of each is helpful. However, knowing how to design and use them effectively is essential.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">This chapter gives you specific advice\u2014dos and don\u2019ts\u2014for designing and using visual aids. Much of what follows applies to any of the three types of visual aids, and we will highlight how as we go. We begin with designing or preparing visual aids. We then turn to using or incorporating visual aids into a presentation.<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"import-ah\">Design Principles<\/h1>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">In the previous chapter, we established four goals for visual aids: increase the clarity of your message, enhance audience attention and recall, strengthen your credibility, and improve your effort to inform or persuade the audience.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">How do you produce visual aids that help accomplish these goals? We offer eight design principles\u2014or advice to follow\u2014to guide your preparation: visual aids should be visual, less is more, consider spacing and positioning, use color strategically, consider what your visual choices suggest, consider readability for all audience members, strive for high quality, and follow copyright and academic honesty rules.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Visual Aids Should Be Visual<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">We begin with the design principle\u2014and reminder\u2014that visual aids should be <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">visual<\/em><\/span>. If you are tempted to put blocks of text or bulleted lists into presentation software or a video, stop yourself. Ask if that same <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">information can be communicated visually<\/span><\/span>. For example,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Can you show a photograph of the person you are quoting rather than simply typing the quote?<\/li>\n<li>Can you display a fraction, like \u00be, by displaying four stick figures and coloring three of them blue and one green rather than just writing \u00be?<\/li>\n<li>Can you illustrate your point through a visual metaphor? Consider the example in box 29.1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p><strong>Box 29.1 Making Visual Aids Visual<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Notice the following difference between a visual aid that presents information about plastic waste in textual form (on the top) and a visual metaphor (on the bottom).<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption wp-image-2625 alignleft\"><img class=\"wp-image-2625 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture1-1024x578.png\" alt=\"slide with recycling stats - of all plastic was produced in the US, 5% recyled, 9% combusted, and 86% in landfills\" width=\"850\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture1-1024x578.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture1-768x434.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture1-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture1-225x127.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture1-350x198.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture1.png 1257w\" \/><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_356\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-356\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img class=\"wp-image-356\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image302-1024x572.png\" alt=\"Slide that says, &quot;86% Trashed&quot; and shows a wastebasket with plastic bottles inside.\" width=\"850\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image302-1024x572.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image302-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image302-768x429.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image302-1536x859.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image302-2048x1145.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image302-65x36.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image302-225x126.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image302-350x196.png 350w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-356\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inset <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/sprite-plastic-bottle-on-table--2lJGRIY5P0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">image<\/a> by Nick Fewings via Unsplash, <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unsplash License<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">As you design your visual aids, reduce the number of words wherever possible and think of ways to visually communicate the information instead.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Less Is More<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2629\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2629\" style=\"width: 180px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img class=\"wp-image-2629\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Chap-29-Less-is-More-image-1.png\" alt=\"image of a clutterd slide with a red crossout symbol overlaid on it\" width=\"180\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Chap-29-Less-is-More-image-1.png 410w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Chap-29-Less-is-More-image-1-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Chap-29-Less-is-More-image-1-65x55.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Chap-29-Less-is-More-image-1-225x191.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Chap-29-Less-is-More-image-1-350x297.png 350w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2629\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Noun project icon adapted by the author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">A second design principle is \u201cless is more.\u201d Any graphic designer will tell you not to be afraid of <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">white space<\/strong><\/span>, or the empty space between elements on a slide or on the screen. Your audience will have a much easier time processing your photo, chart, or video footage if it is not overcrowded with information.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">As you put together your visual aid, ask yourself, What is its central message? Will the audience have their eye drawn to that message?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>On <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">slides<\/em><\/span>, for instance, avoid putting multiple images\u2014say, two charts and a photograph\u2014on one slide. Instead, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">choose the single most impactful image<\/span><\/span> to communicate the message. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Give each image its <span class=\"import-u\">own slide or moment<\/span><\/span> if they make different points.<\/li>\n<li>In <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">video<\/em><\/span>, avoid adding multiple cuts, visual effects, and animation to a single segment. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Allow for some <span class=\"import-u\">degree of stillness<\/span><\/span> so your audience can focus on the footage itself.<\/li>\n<li>When using <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">audience-interactive visual aids<\/em><\/span>, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">beware of pairing<\/span> them<\/span> with additional visual aids. It can be very difficult, especially for an older audience, for example, to skim viewers\u2019 live chats while also watching a video clip.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Consider Spacing and Positioning<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Third, consider <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">spacing or positioning<\/em><\/span> when designing visual aids by paying attention to alignment and proximity. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Alignment<\/strong><\/span> is the deliberate placement of the elements within a given slide or frame. Alignment includes how photos, text, and captions are lined up with one another (center them, left-justify them, etc.). You don\u2019t want anything to look randomly placed. When elements on your slide or in the camera\u2019s frame, like corporate logos or titles, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">have visual similarity in where they appear and in relation to one another<\/span><\/span>, your presentation looks more professional.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Proximity<\/strong><\/span> says that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">items that are similar should be placed next to one another<\/span><\/span>. Placing items together creates a visual unit, and the eye readily understands that these elements are part of a group. If you are talking about the advantages or drawbacks of a particular solution, for instance, the proximity principle says,<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 1067px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; width: 291.506px;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The advantages should appear together,<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; width: 429.73px;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\" style=\"text-align: center;\">and<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; width: 293.537px;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\">the disadvantages should appear together.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Mixing or randomly placing these elements confuses rather than clarifies. The purpose of proximity is to help organize the material for the audience.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p><strong>Box 29.2 Using White Space and Alignment in Visual Aids<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Imagine a student who wants to deliver a speech that advocates the ecological benefits of hunting.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Slide A:<\/strong><\/span> This slide was hastily designed. It offers a confusing and crowded collage of images associated with hunting. The audience would not be sure what to focus on or what conclusions to draw from it.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_358\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-358\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img class=\"wp-image-358 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image304-1024x717.png\" alt=\"Slide with seven different pictures together depicting men with hunting rifles, adult and baby deer, a park ranger vehicle, and money depicted as cash and gold bars.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"717\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image304-1024x717.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image304-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image304-768x538.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image304-1536x1075.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image304-2048x1434.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image304-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image304-225x158.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image304-350x245.png 350w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-358\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images L-R by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/man-in-brown-jacket-and-black-pants-sitting-on-brown-grass-field-during-daytime-Dj4E8IIo8y4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> maxx \u2744<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/white-and-black-printer-paper-WyxqQpyFNk8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Giorgio Trovato; <\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/white-honda-suv-parked-near-green-trees-during-daytime-tawDAGiDerg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Yaroslav Muzychenko<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/man-using-sniper-rifle-bgJiSoC7kMM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Sebastian Pociecha<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/gold-and-black-metal-tool-iYsrkq5qq0Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Jingming Pan<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/brown-deer-under-tree-iQRKBNKyRpo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Philipp Pilz<\/a>; and <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/brown-deer-on-green-grass-during-daytime-tjvDrLM-9BU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Robert Woeger<\/a>; via Unsplash, <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unsplash License<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Slide B:<\/strong><\/span> This slide more effectively supports the student\u2019s message because it strategically incorporates white space <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">and<\/em><\/span> aligns images in a meaningful way.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_359\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-359\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img class=\"wp-image-359 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image305-1024x717.png\" alt=\"Infographic slide titled &quot;Hunters as Conservationists&quot; showing a circular cycle: hunters pay excise taxes \u2192 funds go to wildlife agencies \u2192 agencies conserve habitat and game \u2192 resources support hunters. Includes images of a hunter, money, a park ranger vehicle, and a deer.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"717\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image305-1024x717.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image305-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image305-768x538.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image305-1536x1075.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image305-2048x1434.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image305-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image305-225x158.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image305-350x245.png 350w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-359\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images L-R by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/brown-deer-on-green-grass-during-daytime-tjvDrLM-9BU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Robert Woeger<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/man-using-sniper-rifle-bgJiSoC7kMM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Sebastian Pociecha<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/white-honda-suv-parked-near-green-trees-during-daytime-tawDAGiDerg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Yaroslav Muzychenko<\/a>; and <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/white-and-black-printer-paper-WyxqQpyFNk8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Giorgio Trovato; <\/a>via Unsplash, <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unsplash License<\/a>. <br \/><em>Right-click image to enlarge in a new tab.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Use Color Strategically<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">A fourth design principle is to <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">use colors strategically<\/em><\/span>, such as through contrast and harmony. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Visual contrast<\/strong><\/span> is optical difference, and the idea here is that you should <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">make elements that are <\/span><span class=\"import-u\">different from one another in kind <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">visually<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> different as well<\/span><\/span>. For example, imagine using the following:<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 148px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\" style=\"height: 37px;\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"background-color: #ed7d31; border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; height: 37px; width: 586.08px;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">An orange background for images of <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">trash<\/em><\/span> contrasted with\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\" style=\"height: 37px;\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"background-color: #00b050; border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; height: 37px; width: 586.08px;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\">a green background for images of <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">recycling<\/em><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"height: 148px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\" style=\"height: 37px;\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; height: 37px; width: 586.08px;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><span class=\"import-ccust1\">Gray tones for items that <\/span><em class=\"import-ccust1-i\">cannot<\/em><span class=\"import-ccust1\"> be recycled, contrasted with\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\" style=\"height: 37px;\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; height: 37px; width: 586.08px;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\"><span class=\"import-ccust2\" style=\"color: #ff0000;\">bright colors<\/span> <span class=\"import-ccust3\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">for items<\/span> <span style=\"color: #800080;\">that <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">can<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-abbr\"> be recycled<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt;\">Contrasting colors can create a visual \u201cpop\u201d and quickly help the eye determine what is important or different.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Visual harmony<\/strong><\/span>, on the other hand, is the pleasure produced by <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">colors that complement or go well together<\/span><\/span>. You generally want all the colors you choose on a given visual aid or within a video, even when contrasting, to produce harmony (thus, orange and green work nicely together even as they contrast). When color choices are disharmonious\u2014such as if you pair canary yellow with neon green\u2014the resulting visual aid can produce discomfort and distract the audience.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Consider What Your Visual Choices Suggest<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Fifth, consider what your visual choices <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">suggest<\/em><\/span>. Rhetorical scholar Sonja K. Foss writes that we can understand and evaluate the nature of an image by paying attention to both its presented elements and its suggested visual elements. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Presented visual elements<\/strong><\/span> are the \u201cmajor physical features of the image,\u201d such as size, color, shapes, form, background, and so forth. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Suggested visual elements<\/strong><\/span> are \u201cthe concepts, ideas, themes, and allusions that a viewer is likely to infer from presented elements.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Sonja K. Foss, \u201cTheory of Visual Rhetoric,\u201d in Handbook of Visual Communication: Theory, Methods, Media, eds. Ken Smith, Sandra Moriarty, Gretchen Barbatsis, and Keith Kenny (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005), 141\u201352.\" id=\"return-footnote-506-1\" href=\"#footnote-506-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> In other words, suggested elements may help us determine how audiences receive and understand the image.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Many types of visual choices communicate information to audiences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-blf\">We already mentioned that <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">alignment and proximity<\/em><\/span> can suggest <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">similarities or distinctions <\/span><\/span>among visual elements.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bl0\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">Size differences<\/em><\/span> can allude to distinctions such as inferring the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">superiority<\/span><\/span> of large images compared to the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">weakness or inferiority<\/span><\/span> of smaller images.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bll\">Certain <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">colors<\/em><\/span> can suggest <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">emotions and associations<\/span><\/span>. We relate red with anger, passion, and danger, for example, and pink with femininity. In Western cultures white connotes purity (the origin of the traditional white wedding dress), whereas in China, white is associated with death and is the color of mourning. Chinese brides wear red, a color that signifies good fortune.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-pcon\">Cultural contexts may be important to keep in mind as you anticipate what your visual choices suggest to your audience. For an example of how to use presented visual elements effectively to suggest information that supports your point, read box 29.3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p><strong>Box 29.3 Visual Elements Function Rhetorically<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you delivered a speech about the harms of firearms for children in the US, which slide would better communicate your message?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Slide A:<\/strong><\/span> This slide presents <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">disharmonious<\/em><\/span> colors, making it unpleasant to look at. Also, its visual <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">layout<\/em><\/span> <strong>suggests<\/strong> that all causes of child mortality are equal even though the percentages indicate otherwise.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_360\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-360\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img class=\"wp-image-360 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image306-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Slide titled, &quot;Top 5 Causes of Child Mortality as a Percentage of all Causes.&quot; Below that are five causes, firearems, motor vehicle accident, cancer, poisoning, and suffocation, each with an icon and a percentage. The icon are on a very bright green background, and the title is on a bright yellow background.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image306-1024x575.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image306-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image306-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image306-1536x863.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image306-2048x1151.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image306-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image306-225x126.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image306-350x197.png 350w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-360\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Right-click image to enlarge in a new tab.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Slide B:<\/strong><\/span> Notice how this slide makes use of differences in <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">positioning, size, and harmonious colors<\/em><\/span> <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">to suggest<\/strong><\/span> that one cause of child mortality\u2014firearms\u2014is greater and more worrisome than the others. We tend to <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">associate<\/strong><\/span> height, larger size, and darker colors with importance or authority.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2632\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2632\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img class=\"wp-image-2632\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture2.png\" alt=\"Slide titled, &quot;Top 5 Causes of Child Mortality as a Percentage of all Causes.&quot; Below that are five causes, each with an icon and a percentage. The icons are at different heights (high to low) and are different sizes (large to small) to correspond with their percentages. Each is a different color.\" width=\"850\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture2.png 626w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture2-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture2-65x36.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture2-225x126.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/Picture2-350x196.png 350w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2632\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Right-click image to enlarge in a new tab.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Ensure Readability<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Sixth, consider <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">readability<\/em><\/span> for all audience members. Remember that what is clear and visible on your computer screen may translate well for viewers watching through a screen remotely, but not for an in-person audience when <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">projected onto a screen<\/span><\/span>. Yellow, for instance, can be very difficult to read when projected, especially against a white background.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_362\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-362\" style=\"width: 256px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img class=\"wp-image-362 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image308.png\" alt=\"Red circle with the number 74 written in green, used a test for colorblindness\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image308.png 256w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image308-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image308-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image308-225x225.png 225w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-362\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eight_Ishihara_charts_for_testing_colour_blindness,_Europe_Wellcome_L0059158.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ishihara chart<\/a> via Wikimedia Commons, <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC-BY<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Remember, too, that audience members may have varying quality of vision. Thus,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-blf\">As you choose <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">images and fonts<\/em><\/span>, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">go <span class=\"import-u\">larger<\/span><\/span> than you might otherwise and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">avoid overly fancy or embellished font styles<\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bl0\">If you are showing <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">video<\/em><\/span> and want audience members to see particular elements, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">pause<\/span><\/span> the video and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">point<\/span><\/span> to those elements or also <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">use (possibly enlarged) still shots<\/span><\/span> taken from the video to ensure everyone can see the crucial parts.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bl0\">Know, too, that a fair number of people have color vision deficiency (frequently referred to as being <a class=\"rId516\" href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/8LZ2-S75G\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em class=\"import-url-i\">color blind<\/em><\/a>), meaning they struggle to see differences between colors. Two of the most prevalent forms of color blindness are between <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">red and green<\/span><\/span> and between <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">blue and yellow<\/span><\/span>. So if you want to contrast colors, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">opt for alternative combinations<\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">\u00a0Strive for High Quality<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Seventh, strive for <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">high quality<\/em><\/span> in your visual aids. While it may seem unfair, nothing undercuts the impact of a carefully prepared speech like a typo in your visual aid. Audience members read such seemingly small errors as marks of carelessness or lack of preparation. Thus you should <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">read and reread your visual aids for spelling or grammatical errors<\/span><\/span> before your presentation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Similarly, a low-quality <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">image<\/span> can hurt your credibility. This is especially true when presenting in person. An <span class=\"import-u\">image<\/span> needs to be <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">large enough<\/span><\/span> for the people in the back of the room to see, and it <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">should not be blurry<\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> or pixelated<\/span><\/span> when projected.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Creating your own visual aid<\/span><\/span> better ensures a high-quality image. In the previous chapter, we explained that making your own visual aid also ensures it is customized to your specific speech\u2019s needs. The final usage principle will add that using your own image avoids copyright concerns.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Follow Copyright and Academic Honesty Rules<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Finally, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">follow copyright and academic honesty rules<\/em><\/span>. It can be difficult to navigate copyright laws, especially when speaking in an educational context. Therefore, we provide guidance both for the images or video clips and for citing them.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"import-ch\">Creating or Borrowing Images and Video<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">To be safe, whenever possible, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">create your own<\/em><\/span> images (pictures, charts, infographics, etc.) and video (clips, GIFs, etc.).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2222\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2222\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-2222\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/cc.logo_.large_-300x72.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons Logo\" width=\"300\" height=\"72\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/cc.logo_.large_-300x72.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/cc.logo_.large_-768x183.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/cc.logo_.large_-65x16.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/cc.logo_.large_-225x54.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/cc.logo_.large_-350x84.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/cc.logo_.large_.png 1010w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2222\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/logos\/cc.logo.large.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Logo<\/a> by Creative Commons, <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/policies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Used per Creative Commons policies<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">If it\u2019s not possible to make your own, use images and videos that are <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">legally free to use<\/em><\/span>. These might be called \u201copen access,\u201d \u201cCreative Commons,\u201d \u201cpublic domain,\u201d \u201croyalty-free,\u201d \u201cfree stock,\u201d or simply \u201cfree,\u201d and there are many websites devoted to them. Just search for \u201cCreative Commons images\u201d to find several websites. Alternatively, after conducting a Google Images search, find the Google \u201cTool\u201d that allows you to specify that your results only show images with \u201cUsage Rights\u201d set to \u201cCreative Commons licenses.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Once again, you should also discover what resources your college or university can make available to you. It is possible your library already subscribes to an image service you can use for free. Otherwise, if an image or video does not explicitly give you permission to use it, assume it is protected by US copyright law.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">If you really want to use a copyright-protected image or video and do not have explicit permission to use it, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">try to obtain permission<\/em><\/span> from the copyright holder. Explain who you are (likely a student), what you want to use (the specific image or video), what you will use it for (likely a class assignment), and who the audience will include (likely your instructor and classmates). This path can be simple if the holder is clearly named, is easy to contact, is quickly responsive to your request, and grants you free access. More typically, however, it is not that easy or fast, which is why creating your own images or finding legally available images or videos is a preferable option.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_364\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-364\" style=\"width: 439px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img class=\"wp-image-364 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image310.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"439\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image310.jpeg 439w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image310-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image310-65x43.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image310-225x150.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image310-350x234.jpeg 350w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-364\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.picpedia.org\/legal-01\/d\/doctrine-of-fair-use.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doctrine Of Fair Use<\/a> by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nyphotographic.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nick Youngson<\/a> via <a href=\"https:\/\/pix4free.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pix4free.org<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-SA<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">Fortunately, in some cases, you can legally use copyrighted images or video clips without receiving permission. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Fair use<\/strong><\/span> is a <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><a class=\"rId519\" href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/L7CD-LP35\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-url\">legal doctrine<\/span><\/a><\/span> that allows copyrighted material to be used without explicit permission, based on four factors:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-blf\">the purpose and character of use<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bl0\">the amount or substantiality of use compared with the work as a whole<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bl0\">the nature of the copyrighted work<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bll\">the effect on the potential market for sale or value of the copyrighted material<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-pcon\">You must apply these four factors <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">each time<\/em><\/span> you want to use a copyright-protected image or video to assess the applicability of fair use.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cU.S. Copyright Office Fair Use Index,\u201d U.S. Copyright Office, updated February 2025, https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/fair-use\/, archived at https:\/\/perma.cc\/L7CD-LP35.\" id=\"return-footnote-506-2\" href=\"#footnote-506-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> Your librarian or professor may be able to help you, and your college or university may have a guide to fair use that provides a more detailed explanation.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"import-ch\">Citing Images and Video<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Whenever you use images or videos you did not fully create by yourself, exercise academic honesty by correctly citing them through written citations. That means abiding by the following advice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Follow a style guide (like MLA or APA). They typically have citation guides for artwork, YouTube videos, social media posts, and so on.<\/li>\n<li>If you used legally free images or videos, follow our advice in chapter 9 to <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/chapter\/finding-and-documenting-research-sources#TASL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use the TASL method<\/a> developed by the creators of Creative Commons licenses.<\/li>\n<li>If you used some form of artificial intelligence (AI) to produce a visual aid, follow our guidance in chapter 9 for <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/chapter\/finding-and-documenting-research-sources#cua\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citing the use of AI tools<\/a>: Name the AI tool and version you used as well as the company that makes it, list the date you used the tool and what you used it for, and include a URL to the tool.<\/li>\n<li>If you used copyrighted material based on the fair use doctrine or with the originator\u2019s permission, you should <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><a class=\"rId521\" href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/KGT2-USJA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-url\">specify that along with your citation<\/span><\/a><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-p\" style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">You might wonder <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">where<\/em><\/span> you should include written citation information for viewers. Recall our advice in chapter 9 to either create a &#8220;credit page&#8221; at the end of the slide deck or video or add citations to the visual slides or in the video itself. If you choose the latter, you can use a small font and a low positioning of the citation so it does not compete with the image or video for the audience\u2019s attention. Wherever you decide to offer a written citation of a visual image or video, including the citation builds your credibility by giving credit to the source who created the image or video clip.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p><strong>Box 29.4 Improving Your Visual Aid Design<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>After you have created a visual aid, improve it by using the design principles and answering the following questions. Alternatively, apply the principles to a peer\u2019s visual aid to help them improve their design.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-tch\"><strong>Design Principle<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-tch\"><strong>Questions to Ask about the Visual Aid<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\">Visual aids should be visual.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Is the aid more visual than textual?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Can any words be removed?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">How might existing words or numbers be communicated visually instead?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\">Less is more.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Is the eye drawn to the visual aid\u2019s central focus or message?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">What excess information or editing can be removed so the main visual point pops out?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">If visual aids are crowded together, can they be separated onto different slides so they each have their own moment?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\">Consider spacing and positioning.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Are visual elements aligned in ways that appear strategic and meaningful? How might their alignment be improved?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Does the proximity of visual elements communicate similarities or differences? How might proximity be used more intentionally?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\">Use color strategically.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Do contrasting colors help the eye determine what is important or different? How might contrast be used better?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Are color choices harmonic overall? Which colors should be changed to achieve harmony?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\">Consider what your visual choices suggest.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">What might the presented visual elements (colors, size, shapes, etc.) suggest or imply?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Do the suggestions support the point being made? If not, how might the presented elements be altered?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">How well are the suggested elements adapted to the direct audience\u2019s culture and context?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\">Consider readability for all audience members.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Is the visual aid easy to see and\/or read? Should anything be enlarged or any video paused?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">If speaking in person, are all the visual elements clear when projected onto a screen?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Does the visual aid avoid pairing red and green or blue and yellow?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\">Strive for high quality.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Is all writing free of typos or misspellings?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Are images or videos high resolution?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableGrid-R\">\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<p class=\"import-td\">Follow copyright and academic honesty rules.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableGrid-C\" style=\"border: solid windowtext 0.5pt;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Did you create your own images and\/or video? If you were helped by AI, did you name the tool you used?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Did you use images or videos that are copyright protected? If so, did you gain permission to use them and indicate that in your citation?<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-tdul\">Did you accurately cite visual aids you did not create?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"import-ah\">Usage Principles<\/h1>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Once you have designed your visual aids, plan how you will incorporate them into your speech. We offer five usage principles, or advice, to guide you: introduce and explain your visual aids, give the audience time to digest your visual aids, do not be afraid of a blank slide or screen, talk to the audience or camera rather than to your visual aids, and practice with your visual aids.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Introduce and Explain Your Visual Aids<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\"><img class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image311.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"136.066666666667px\" height=\"136.066666666667px\" \/>First, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">introduce and explain<\/em><\/span> your visual aids. Do not expect your visual aids to speak for themselves or for their connection to your speech to be self-evident. Instead, <span class=\"import-u\">introduce<\/span> your slide, video clip, or audience-interactive visual aid by providing a transition and any necessary context or instructions. Then <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">explicitly acknowledge<\/span><\/span> your visual aid and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">explain<\/span> what you hope the audience notices or concludes from it.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-blf\">If you display a <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">chart<\/em><\/span>, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">graph<\/em><\/span>, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">map<\/em><\/span>, or <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">photograph<\/em><\/span>, for instance, point out what you want the audience to visually attend to.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bl0\">If you play a <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">video clip<\/em><\/span>, cue the audience for what to look for and\/or explain afterward what they should have noticed.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bl0\">If you use an <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">audience-interactive visual aid<\/em><\/span>, draw conclusions from the resulting visual aid that the audience\u2019s feedback helped produce.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Give the Audience Time to Digest Your Visual Aids<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">A second usage principle is to <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">give audiences time<\/em><\/span> to digest your visual aid. It takes people a moment to process a visual aid, even when it\u2019s simple. Consider <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">pausing<\/span><\/span> while they watch or read, and plan that moment into your allotted time. When you talk, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">speak about the visual aid<\/span><\/span>, which buys your audience more time to focus on it. If you too quickly move to the next point in your speech, the audience\u2019s attention will be split between listening to you and reading your slide, chart, or GIF. They are more likely to pay attention to the visual aid than to you.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Do Not Be Afraid of a Blank Slide or Screen<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Third, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">do not be afraid of a blank slide or screen<\/em><\/span>. Shifting to a blank screen at key points in the speech\u2014for instance, when you want to tell a story\u2014is a great way to refocus attention on you and your ideas. You do not need to show an endless series of images or clips while you speak.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Talk to the Audience or Camera Rather Than to Your Visual Aids<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Fourth, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">talk to the audience or camera<\/em><\/span> rather than to your visual aids. When <span class=\"import-u\"><em>speaking in person<\/em>, <\/span>we recommend the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-blf\">Don\u2019t turn your back on the audience to face your visual aids projected onto a screen. Keep your body <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">facing your audience<\/span><\/span> even as you glance at your visual aids to talk through them.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bll\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Don\u2019t read from your visual aids<\/span><\/span>! Don\u2019t stare at the slides as if looking for answers. Use your speaking notes instead and make eye contact with the audience if you are able.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-pcon\">When speaking<em> <span class=\"import-u\">remotely through a screen<\/span><\/em>, we similarly insist on the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-blf\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Don\u2019t read your notes<\/span><\/span> from your computer or tablet screen nor look only at the visual aids you are sharing on your screen. If your face is visible, it is obvious to viewers that your eyes are looking down, away, or even left and right as you read your notes.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bl0\">Instead, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">look at the camera<\/span><\/span> if you can, or, if appropriate, turn off your camera and just focus viewers\u2019 attention on your visual aids while you discuss them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"import-bh\">Practice with Your Visual Aids<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Finally, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">practice with your visual aids<\/em><\/span>. This is one of the best pieces of advice we can offer. Many presentations could be more powerful if slides, a video clip, or an audience-interactive visual aid were timed better. Practicing your speech with visual aids will help you work out the timing and gain familiarity and confidence using them.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p><strong>Box 29.5 Improving Your Use of Visual Aids<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When incorporating visual aids into your presentation, abide by the following usage principles as you prepare and practice your speech:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Verbally introduce and explain your visual aids.<\/li>\n<li>Give the audience time to digest your visual aids.<\/li>\n<li>Do not be afraid of a blank slide or screen.<\/li>\n<li>Talk to the audience or camera rather than to your visual aids.<\/li>\n<li>Practice with your visual aids.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 36pt;\">In conclusion, we remind you that visual aids are powerful\u2014and potentially fun\u2014public speaking tools. As you plan and design your visual aids, keep your focus on the ways visual aids can assist and build civic engagement in a well-crafted speech.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Summary<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-paft\">Visual aids offer many advantages to speakers when they are well designed and effectively incorporated into a speech. However, when poorly crafted or mishandled, visual aids can do more harm than good. In this chapter, we established the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-blf\">Eight basic design principles will help you create visual aids that are thoughtful, strategic, and memorable: Visual aids should be visual, less is more, consider spacing and positioning, use color strategically, consider what your visual choices suggest, strive for high quality, and follow copyright and academic honesty rules.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-bl0\">Follow five usage principles to incorporate visual aids into your presentation effectively: Introduce and explain your visual aids, give the audience time to digest your visual aids, do not be afraid of a blank slide or screen, talk to the audience or camera rather than to your visual aids, and practice with your visual aids.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>alignment<br \/>\nfair use<br \/>\npresented visual element<br \/>\nproximity<br \/>\nsuggested visual element<br \/>\nvisual contrast<br \/>\nvisual harmony<br \/>\nwhite space<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Review Questions<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>What are seven principles of design for visual aids?<\/li>\n<li>Name five principles for using visual aids.<\/li>\n<li>How can alignment, proximity, visual contrast, visual harmony, and white space improve your visual aid design?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Discussion Questions<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Find an example of a visual aid that you think exhibits excellent design. Show it to your class and discuss with your classmates how it implements design principles.<\/li>\n<li>What are some of the worst mistakes you have seen speakers make in their visual aid design? What design principle(s) did they violate, and how could they have improved their visual aid?<\/li>\n<li>How does the use of visual aids affect the credibility of speakers? When do you think the judgments we make about speakers\u2019 visual aids are fair and when are they unfair?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-506-1\">Sonja K. Foss, \u201cTheory of Visual Rhetoric,\u201d in <em>Handbook of Visual Communication: Theory, Methods, Media<\/em>, eds. Ken Smith, Sandra Moriarty, Gretchen Barbatsis, and Keith Kenny (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005), 141\u201352. <a href=\"#return-footnote-506-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-506-2\">\u201cU.S. Copyright Office Fair Use Index,\u201d U.S. Copyright Office, updated February 2025, https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/fair-use\/, archived at <a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/L7CD-LP35\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/L7CD-LP35<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-506-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":29,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/506"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":75,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/506\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3288,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/506\/revisions\/3288"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/506\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=506"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=506"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=506"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=506"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}