{"id":523,"date":"2025-05-26T17:06:40","date_gmt":"2025-05-26T17:06:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/?post_type=back-matter&#038;p=523"},"modified":"2025-08-22T13:29:25","modified_gmt":"2025-08-22T13:29:25","slug":"appendix-c","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/back-matter\/appendix-c\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix C: Sample Presentation Outline for an Extemporaneous Delivery","rendered":"Appendix C: Sample Presentation Outline for an Extemporaneous Delivery"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 class=\"import-ahaft\">Javon\u2019s Speech to Inform Community Members About Multiple Perspectives on High School Football and Concussions Before They Engage in a Deliberative Discussion<\/h1>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_446\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-446\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image384.png\" alt=\"Football players on opposing teams line up against each other on the field\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/closeup-photo-of-football-players--xHZBzv4Naw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Football players<\/a> by Muyuan Ma via Unsplash, <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unsplash License<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-bxo\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>Notice there is no purpose statement. Purpose statements are important for thinking and planning but are not part of the oral presentation itself.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\nI. Introduction\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">A. Brian Ramos\u2019s injury<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Parents blamed coaches.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Coaches blamed school districts.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">3. Both blamed players.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">4. Media, whole country blamed \u201cfootball culture.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Complete sentences are condensed. There is just enough for Javon to recall the thoughts he wants to convey. Not writing everything out word for word will encourage him to look up and connect with his audience, especially at the start of the speech.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. Needed fewer concussions; feared football\u2019s benefits misunderstood.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Member of the team and a friend. Looking at a problem from one angle is a poor way to make decisions.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>The thesis, however, is written out because it\u2019s important to get it right.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">D. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Thesis)<\/strong><\/span> So the <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">first thing<\/em><\/span> we in Columbus need is a fuller understanding of the problem itself as well as multiple perspectives on concussions in high school football before we are ready to advocate and implement specific changes. With this goal in mind, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">the question that guides my speech this morning is<\/em><\/span>, [SLOW DOWN] <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">How can we best address the issue of concussions in high school football?<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Javon added a delivery note here to remind himself to slow down so the audience will not miss his thesis statement.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">E. Start by outlining problem. Then three solutions: <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">first<\/strong><\/span> redirecting resources, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">second<\/strong><\/span> changing the culture of football, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">third<\/strong><\/span> more funding for medical expertise.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Notice that Javon put the different elements of his preview in bold so he can easily spot them during delivery. The bold print will help Javon see the parts of a longer point if he glances down at the notes partway through.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">* <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Transition)<\/strong><\/span> Begin by outlining the problem.<\/p>\r\nII. Concussions a real danger. Mild type of traumatic brain injury.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">A. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">According to a<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">n<\/span> <span class=\"import-u\">October 29<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">, 202<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">4<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">, report entitled \u201c<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">TBI<\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> Data\u201d produced by the<\/span> <span class=\"import-u\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)<\/span><\/span>, there are more than 586 traumatic brain injury\u2013related hospitalizations and 190 TBI-related deaths per day. Football is a contributor.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>The keyword outline includes spoken citations, written out for accuracy. Javon underlines these citations as well to ensure he can easily find them while speaking extemporaneously. There is no need to include written in-text citations in a presentation outline, since you do not say those out loud. The presentation outline also does not include a bibliography.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">According to a study published in the 2021 edition of <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">Sports Health<\/em><\/span><\/span>, the sport most likely to see concussed male athletes is football.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Notice that the information cited can also be written out for accuracy. However, Javon refers to eight coauthors rather than naming every one of them.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">A February 23, 2021, study published in <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">Sports Health: <\/em><em class=\"import-iu\">A Multidisciplinary<\/em><em class=\"import-iu\"> Approach <\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\">by a group of eight coauthors<\/span><\/span> found that kids aged six to fourteen years old who played tackle football experienced nearly fifteen times more head impacts during a game or practice compared to kids who played flag football. [PAUSE]<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Javon includes a note to pause here to allow the prevalence of concussions to sink in for the audience before moving to his next subpoint.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. Athletes with three or more concussions experience enduring negative impact. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">According to a 2023 report by Donna Lu and Stephanie Convery for <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">The Guardian<\/em><\/span><\/span>, a study found that:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Three concussions permanently affect ability to plan and to pay attention.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Four concussions negatively impact memory and processing speeds.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">3. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Dr. Matthew Lennon, the study\u2019s lead author<\/span><\/span>, clarified, \u201cIf you have multiple concussions in your teens, 20s, 30s and 40s, you will still be feeling the effects when you\u2019re 70 or 80.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">The coordination and parallelism of the outline remain. If Javon loses his place within point B, subpoint 1, he can more easily locate subpoints 2 and 3 to find his way again.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Many head injuries in high school sports go unreported.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. One reason: The culture of football. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">A widely cited and NFL-funded study<\/span> <span class=\"import-u\">published in 2014, titled <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">Sports-Related Concussions in Youth<\/em><\/span><\/span>, reports that athletes are reluctant to report concussions and even lax about following treatment plans when they have been diagnosed because it may not be perceived as \u201cmanly\u201d to follow the doctor\u2019s orders.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Second reason: Too few medical personnel available. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">According to a 2020 study of Massachusetts high schools that was published in <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> by six coauthors<\/span><\/span>, \u201c55% of the high schools\u201d studied didn\u2019t \u201chave a full-time athletic trainer and 50% did[n\u2019t] have a team physician.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">* <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Transition)<\/strong><\/span> [LOUDER] <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Now that<\/strong><\/span> I covered the problem of concussions, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">I will move<\/strong><\/span> to the first perspective.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Javon adds a reminder here to say the transition a bit more loudly so the audience will take note of the shift to solutions.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\nIII. First solution: Redirect resources.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">A. Argues that adults make tough decisions. \u201cMy son can play any sport but football.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Sample action 1: Reallocate funds to sports students can play for a lifetime.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\">a. Outgrow football but live with lingering ailments.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\">b. Hiking, golf, and canoeing.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Sample action 2: Move volleyball to Friday nights.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">3. Prioritizing value: <span class=\"import-u\">Lifelong health<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. Benefits:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Gain physical fitness and reduce concussions and pressure. <span class=\"import-u\">Chase Ray explains in their 2018 article published in <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">City Scene Magazine<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\">,<\/span> \u201cNon-contact sports\u2026still provide all the same health benefits without encouraging physical collision between players.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Invest in lifetime fitness. Schools refocused as educational institutions.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Drawbacks:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Lessons of football.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Important outlet for ritualized aggression. <span class=\"import-u\">Jonathan Chait<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">,<\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> in his 2014 column in <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">New York Magazine<\/em><\/span>, argues that football doesn\u2019t feed or promote aggression; rather\u2014and especially in high school\u2014it may provide a suitable channel for kids to express aggression. Not the same in diving or golf.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">* <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Transition)<\/strong><\/span> [PAUSE] <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Having covered<\/strong><\/span> the <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">first<\/strong><\/span> solution, I will <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">move to the second solution<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\r\nIV. Second solution: Change in culture of football.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">A. Argues we change the culture of toughness that dominates football. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">Sports-Related Concussions in Youth<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> study I referred to in the introduction<\/span><\/span> calls for a change in culture as one of its official recommendations.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Suggestion 1: Encourage players to express their feelings. Mimic Men of the House in Pittsburgh. Point to NFL players as models.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Suggestion 2: New catchphrases; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">CDC\u2019s <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">HEADS UP<\/em><\/span><\/span> educational materials: \u201cIt\u2019s better to miss one game than the whole season.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Direct quotations are written word for word so Javon states them accurately.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">3. Prioritizing value: <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Education<\/span><\/span><span class=\"import-u\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. Benefits:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Addresses hypermasculinity.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Extends to parents, fans, and community members.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Drawbacks:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Possible? Change the game beyond recognition?<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Time.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">* <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Transition)<\/strong><\/span> [LOUDER] <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Having looked<\/strong><\/span> at a <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">second<\/strong><\/span> solution, I will <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">move to the third<\/strong><\/span> and final solution.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>Signposting language in transitions is bolded to help orient Javon during delivery.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\nV. Third solution: Better, more consistent medical care.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">A. Argues that increased access likely to result in higher reporting.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Sample action 1: Advocate for better medical care with school boards and community partners.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Sample action 2: Require football programs to fund a certified athletic trainer.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">3. Prioritizing value: <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Safety<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. Benefits:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Ensures good medical care; takes some burden off coaches. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">In a February 8, 2019, report for <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">InvestigateWest<\/em><em class=\"import-iu\">,<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> Lee van der Voo <\/span><\/span>reported that a study of Oregon high schools discovered that high schools with athletic trainers were much more likely to diagnose concussions in high school football players.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Fairer. Would end a two-tiered system of care.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Drawbacks:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Cost.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Medical personnel being pressured to not report. [SLOW] <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">A 2019 survey of college and university athletic trainers by the National Athletic Trainers Association<\/span><\/span> found that 10% reported being pressured \u201cto make a decision that was not in the best interest of a student athlete\u2019s health.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Javon knows he tends to say this citation too quickly, so he leaves a note to slow down here.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">* <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Transition)<\/strong><\/span> <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Now that<\/strong><\/span> we examined a <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">third<\/strong><\/span> solution, I will <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">conclude<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\r\nVI. Conclusion\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\">A. <strong class=\"import-b\">(Thesis)<\/strong><\/span> [LOUD] Brian Ramos\u2019s injury was the final straw. We had to do something. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">But how can we best address concussions in high school football?<\/em><\/span> This has been my focus question.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>The thesis is written fully out again.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. The <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">first<\/strong><\/span> solution: Divert resources. The <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">second<\/strong><\/span> solution: Change the culture of football. The <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">third<\/strong><\/span> solution: Advocate for better-trained medical care to support coaches.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Each has advantages and disadvantages.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">[PAUSE] <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">What do <\/strong><strong class=\"import-bi\"><em>you<\/em><\/strong><strong class=\"import-b\"> think is the best way for Columbus to address our shared concern for our football players?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>Javon concludes by turning his guiding question over to the audience for a deliberative discussion.<\/em><\/span><\/p>","rendered":"<h1 class=\"import-ahaft\">Javon\u2019s Speech to Inform Community Members About Multiple Perspectives on High School Football and Concussions Before They Engage in a Deliberative Discussion<\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_446\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-446\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img class=\"wp-image-446\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image384.png\" alt=\"Football players on opposing teams line up against each other on the field\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image384.png 682w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image384-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image384-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image384-225x150.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2025\/05\/image384-350x233.png 350w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-446\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/closeup-photo-of-football-players--xHZBzv4Naw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Football players<\/a> by Muyuan Ma via Unsplash, <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unsplash License<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-bxo\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>Notice there is no purpose statement. Purpose statements are important for thinking and planning but are not part of the oral presentation itself.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>I. Introduction<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">A. Brian Ramos\u2019s injury<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Parents blamed coaches.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Coaches blamed school districts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">3. Both blamed players.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">4. Media, whole country blamed \u201cfootball culture.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Complete sentences are condensed. There is just enough for Javon to recall the thoughts he wants to convey. Not writing everything out word for word will encourage him to look up and connect with his audience, especially at the start of the speech.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. Needed fewer concussions; feared football\u2019s benefits misunderstood.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Member of the team and a friend. Looking at a problem from one angle is a poor way to make decisions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>The thesis, however, is written out because it\u2019s important to get it right.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">D. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Thesis)<\/strong><\/span> So the <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">first thing<\/em><\/span> we in Columbus need is a fuller understanding of the problem itself as well as multiple perspectives on concussions in high school football before we are ready to advocate and implement specific changes. With this goal in mind, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">the question that guides my speech this morning is<\/em><\/span>, [SLOW DOWN] <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">How can we best address the issue of concussions in high school football?<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Javon added a delivery note here to remind himself to slow down so the audience will not miss his thesis statement.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">E. Start by outlining problem. Then three solutions: <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">first<\/strong><\/span> redirecting resources, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">second<\/strong><\/span> changing the culture of football, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">third<\/strong><\/span> more funding for medical expertise.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Notice that Javon put the different elements of his preview in bold so he can easily spot them during delivery. The bold print will help Javon see the parts of a longer point if he glances down at the notes partway through.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">* <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Transition)<\/strong><\/span> Begin by outlining the problem.<\/p>\n<p>II. Concussions a real danger. Mild type of traumatic brain injury.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">A. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">According to a<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">n<\/span> <span class=\"import-u\">October 29<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">, 202<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">4<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">, report entitled \u201c<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">TBI<\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> Data\u201d produced by the<\/span> <span class=\"import-u\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)<\/span><\/span>, there are more than 586 traumatic brain injury\u2013related hospitalizations and 190 TBI-related deaths per day. Football is a contributor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>The keyword outline includes spoken citations, written out for accuracy. Javon underlines these citations as well to ensure he can easily find them while speaking extemporaneously. There is no need to include written in-text citations in a presentation outline, since you do not say those out loud. The presentation outline also does not include a bibliography.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">According to a study published in the 2021 edition of <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">Sports Health<\/em><\/span><\/span>, the sport most likely to see concussed male athletes is football.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Notice that the information cited can also be written out for accuracy. However, Javon refers to eight coauthors rather than naming every one of them.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">A February 23, 2021, study published in <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">Sports Health: <\/em><em class=\"import-iu\">A Multidisciplinary<\/em><em class=\"import-iu\"> Approach <\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\">by a group of eight coauthors<\/span><\/span> found that kids aged six to fourteen years old who played tackle football experienced nearly fifteen times more head impacts during a game or practice compared to kids who played flag football. [PAUSE]<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Javon includes a note to pause here to allow the prevalence of concussions to sink in for the audience before moving to his next subpoint.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. Athletes with three or more concussions experience enduring negative impact. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">According to a 2023 report by Donna Lu and Stephanie Convery for <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">The Guardian<\/em><\/span><\/span>, a study found that:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Three concussions permanently affect ability to plan and to pay attention.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Four concussions negatively impact memory and processing speeds.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">3. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Dr. Matthew Lennon, the study\u2019s lead author<\/span><\/span>, clarified, \u201cIf you have multiple concussions in your teens, 20s, 30s and 40s, you will still be feeling the effects when you\u2019re 70 or 80.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">The coordination and parallelism of the outline remain. If Javon loses his place within point B, subpoint 1, he can more easily locate subpoints 2 and 3 to find his way again.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Many head injuries in high school sports go unreported.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. One reason: The culture of football. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">A widely cited and NFL-funded study<\/span> <span class=\"import-u\">published in 2014, titled <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">Sports-Related Concussions in Youth<\/em><\/span><\/span>, reports that athletes are reluctant to report concussions and even lax about following treatment plans when they have been diagnosed because it may not be perceived as \u201cmanly\u201d to follow the doctor\u2019s orders.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Second reason: Too few medical personnel available. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">According to a 2020 study of Massachusetts high schools that was published in <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> by six coauthors<\/span><\/span>, \u201c55% of the high schools\u201d studied didn\u2019t \u201chave a full-time athletic trainer and 50% did[n\u2019t] have a team physician.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">* <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Transition)<\/strong><\/span> [LOUDER] <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Now that<\/strong><\/span> I covered the problem of concussions, <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">I will move<\/strong><\/span> to the first perspective.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Javon adds a reminder here to say the transition a bit more loudly so the audience will take note of the shift to solutions.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>III. First solution: Redirect resources.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">A. Argues that adults make tough decisions. \u201cMy son can play any sport but football.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Sample action 1: Reallocate funds to sports students can play for a lifetime.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\">a. Outgrow football but live with lingering ailments.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\">b. Hiking, golf, and canoeing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Sample action 2: Move volleyball to Friday nights.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">3. Prioritizing value: <span class=\"import-u\">Lifelong health<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. Benefits:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Gain physical fitness and reduce concussions and pressure. <span class=\"import-u\">Chase Ray explains in their 2018 article published in <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">City Scene Magazine<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\">,<\/span> \u201cNon-contact sports\u2026still provide all the same health benefits without encouraging physical collision between players.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Invest in lifetime fitness. Schools refocused as educational institutions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Drawbacks:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Lessons of football.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Important outlet for ritualized aggression. <span class=\"import-u\">Jonathan Chait<\/span><span class=\"import-u\">,<\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> in his 2014 column in <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">New York Magazine<\/em><\/span>, argues that football doesn\u2019t feed or promote aggression; rather\u2014and especially in high school\u2014it may provide a suitable channel for kids to express aggression. Not the same in diving or golf.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">* <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Transition)<\/strong><\/span> [PAUSE] <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Having covered<\/strong><\/span> the <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">first<\/strong><\/span> solution, I will <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">move to the second solution<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>IV. Second solution: Change in culture of football.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">A. Argues we change the culture of toughness that dominates football. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">Sports-Related Concussions in Youth<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> study I referred to in the introduction<\/span><\/span> calls for a change in culture as one of its official recommendations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Suggestion 1: Encourage players to express their feelings. Mimic Men of the House in Pittsburgh. Point to NFL players as models.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Suggestion 2: New catchphrases; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">CDC\u2019s <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">HEADS UP<\/em><\/span><\/span> educational materials: \u201cIt\u2019s better to miss one game than the whole season.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Direct quotations are written word for word so Javon states them accurately.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">3. Prioritizing value: <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Education<\/span><\/span><span class=\"import-u\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. Benefits:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Addresses hypermasculinity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Extends to parents, fans, and community members.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Drawbacks:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Possible? Change the game beyond recognition?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Time.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">* <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Transition)<\/strong><\/span> [LOUDER] <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Having looked<\/strong><\/span> at a <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">second<\/strong><\/span> solution, I will <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">move to the third<\/strong><\/span> and final solution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>Signposting language in transitions is bolded to help orient Javon during delivery.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>V. Third solution: Better, more consistent medical care.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">A. Argues that increased access likely to result in higher reporting.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Sample action 1: Advocate for better medical care with school boards and community partners.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Sample action 2: Require football programs to fund a certified athletic trainer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">3. Prioritizing value: <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">Safety<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. Benefits:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Ensures good medical care; takes some burden off coaches. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">In a February 8, 2019, report for <\/span><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-iu\">InvestigateWest<\/em><em class=\"import-iu\">,<\/em><\/span><span class=\"import-u\"> Lee van der Voo <\/span><\/span>reported that a study of Oregon high schools discovered that high schools with athletic trainers were much more likely to diagnose concussions in high school football players.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Fairer. Would end a two-tiered system of care.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Drawbacks:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">1. Cost.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">2. Medical personnel being pressured to not report. [SLOW] <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"import-u\">A 2019 survey of college and university athletic trainers by the National Athletic Trainers Association<\/span><\/span> found that 10% reported being pressured \u201cto make a decision that was not in the best interest of a student athlete\u2019s health.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Javon knows he tends to say this citation too quickly, so he leaves a note to slow down here.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">* <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">(Transition)<\/strong><\/span> <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">Now that<\/strong><\/span> we examined a <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">third<\/strong><\/span> solution, I will <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">conclude<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>VI. Conclusion<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\">A. <strong class=\"import-b\">(Thesis)<\/strong><\/span> [LOUD] Brian Ramos\u2019s injury was the final straw. We had to do something. <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><em class=\"import-i\">But how can we best address concussions in high school football?<\/em><\/span> This has been my focus question.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>The thesis is written fully out again.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">B. The <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">first<\/strong><\/span> solution: Divert resources. The <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">second<\/strong><\/span> solution: Change the culture of football. The <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">third<\/strong><\/span> solution: Advocate for better-trained medical care to support coaches.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">C. Each has advantages and disadvantages.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">[PAUSE] <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt; padding: 0;\"><strong class=\"import-b\">What do <\/strong><strong class=\"import-bi\"><em>you<\/em><\/strong><strong class=\"import-b\"> think is the best way for Columbus to address our shared concern for our football players?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>Javon concludes by turning his guiding question over to the audience for a deliberative discussion.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[28],"contributor":[],"license":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/523"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/523\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2989,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/523\/revisions\/2989"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/523\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=523"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=523"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=523"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/publicspeakinganddemocraticparticipation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=523"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}