{"id":60,"date":"2022-07-18T11:16:32","date_gmt":"2022-07-18T11:16:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=60"},"modified":"2022-08-25T16:53:19","modified_gmt":"2022-08-25T16:53:19","slug":"chapter-10-neurocognitive-disorders","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/chapter\/chapter-10-neurocognitive-disorders\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 10: Neurocognitive Disorders","rendered":"Chapter 10: Neurocognitive Disorders"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Chapter 10: Neurocognitive Disorders<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Delirium<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_350\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-350\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/delirium-300x277.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;6\/365 ~ Delirio, delirium.&quot; by Verano y mil tormentas. is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0. \" width=\"300\" height=\"277\" \/> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/42113464@N02\/4936133704\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">6\/365 ~ Delirio, delirium.<\/a>\" by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/42113464@N02\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verano y mil tormentas.<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-ND 2.0<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Criteria to Diagnose: <\/strong>Delirium is a state where an individual cannot focus, the environment is \"misperceived\" and thoughts are disorganized (American Psychological Association, 2022). Individuals may experience hallucinations or other changes to their vision, memory impairment, or trouble with language. Delirium starts quickly and varies over time; it can be caused by many conditions ranging from infections to seizures to substance abuse (Black &amp; Grant, 2014).<strong>\r\n<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Typical Demographics: <\/strong>Delirium is most common among older patients, older than 70 years. Medication side effects account for roughly 39% of cases (Echeverria et al., 2022).\r\n\r\n<strong>Treatment, Medications, and Therapies: <\/strong>Supportive care is a good way to treat delirium, addressing physical symptoms and any triggers that may exist. Medication may cause the delirium, so ask medical professionals for guidance on medications that help and do not cause these symptoms. In addition, there are some coping strategies that can be completed to manage or treat this condition like: good sleep habitat, meditation, promote routine and healthful habits (Mayo Clinic, 2022).\r\n\r\n<strong>Case Studies to Review:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.596218\/full\">The one-two punch of delirium and dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.573791\/full\">Delirium during recovery in patients with severe COVID-19: Two case reports<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/content\/93\/8\/822\">Delirium and the risk of developing dementia: A cohort study of 12949 patients.<\/a> (2022)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[h5p id=\"36\"]\r\n<h2>Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Criteria to Diagnose: <\/strong>This disorder is acquired when an individual experiences significant cognitive decline. The individual will experience challenges in attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, motor abilities and social cognition (Black &amp; Grant, 2014). The deficits will interfere with independence and normal functioning but are not classified as delirium or another mental disorder.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_352\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-352\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/aged-300x201.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Aged&quot; by TonyHall is licensed under CC BY 2.0. \" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" \/> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/41247051@N00\/4738891641\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aged<\/a>\" by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/41247051@N00\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TonyHall<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Typical Demographics: <\/strong>It is estimated that mild disorders are prevalent in 20.3% of the population, similar ratings in between male and female, but significantly higher in advanced age (Luck et al., 2017) Major neurocognitive disorder prevalence is very low until age 85, when it is roughly 30%.\r\n\r\n<strong>Treatment, Medications, and Therapies: <\/strong>There is no cure for these disorder. But there are opportunities with medications like antidepressants and antipsychotics, that may minimize the symptoms. Different forms of therapy like cognitive stimulation and deep brain stimluation are alternative options that may also help manage the disorder (Lumen).\r\n\r\n<strong>Case Studies to Review:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nnp.ima-press.net\/nnp\/article\/view\/789?locale=en_US\">Current approaches to diagnosing and treating major neurocognitive disorder<\/a> (2017)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/6\/1\/5\/htm\">Dementia and major neurocognitive disorders: Some lessons learned one century after the for Alois Alzheimer's clinic notes<\/a> (2021)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42238-022-00119-y\">Cannabinoids in the management of behavioral, psychological, and motor symptoms of neurocognitive disorders: A mixed studies systematic review<\/a> (2022)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00954-4\">Persistent COVID-19 associated neurocognitive symptoms in non-hospitalized patients<\/a> (2021)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[h5p id=\"37\"]\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>References:<\/h2>\r\nAmerican Psychological Association (2022). <em>Delirium. <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 25, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/delirium\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/delirium<\/a>\r\n\r\nBahji, A., Breward, N., Duff, W. <i>et al. (2022)<\/i> Cannabinoids in the management of behavioral, psychological, and motor symptoms of neurocognitive disorders: a mixed studies systematic review. <i>J Cannabis Res<\/i><strong> 4<\/strong>, 11.<a href=\"https:\/\/jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42238-022-00119-y\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42238-022-00119-y<\/a>\r\n\r\nBlack, D. W., &amp; Grant, J. E. (2014). <i>DSM-5\u00ae Guidebook\u202f: The Essential Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: Vol. Fifth edition<\/i>. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.\r\n\r\nEcheverria, M., Schoo, C., &amp; Paul, M. (2022). <em>Delirium.<\/em> National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on August 25, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470399\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470399\/<\/a>\r\n\r\nHan D, Wang C, Feng X and Wu J (2020) Delirium During Recovery in Patients With Severe COVID-19: Two Case Reports. <i>Front. Med.<\/i> 7:573791. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.573791\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fmed.2020.573791<\/a>\r\n\r\nHellmuth, J., Barnett, T.A., Asken, B.M. <i>et al.<\/i> Persistent COVID-19-associated neurocognitive symptoms in non-hospitalized patients. <i>J. Neurovirol.<\/i> <b>27<\/b>, 191\u2013195 (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00954-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00954-4<\/a>\r\n\r\nKulesh A.A., Shestakov V.V. Current approaches to diagnosing and treating major neurocognitive disorder. <i>Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics<\/i>. 2017;9(4):4-9. (In Russ.) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14412\/2074-2711-2017-4-4-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14412\/2074-2711-2017-4-4-9<\/a>\r\n\r\nLaHue SC, Douglas VC and Miller BL (2020) The One-Two Punch of Delirium and Dementia During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. <i>Front. Neurol.<\/i> 11:596218. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.596218\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fneur.2020.596218<\/a>\r\n<div id=\"cite-tool-node216188--21777943417\" class=\"highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article cite-tool-node216188\" data-node-nid=\"216188\" data-pisa=\"jnnp;93\/8\/822\" data-pisa-master=\"jnnp;jnnp-2022-328903\" data-apath=\"\/jnnp\/93\/8\/822.atom\">\r\n<div class=\"highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-v1-issue clearfix bmjj-article-citation\">\r\n<div class=\"highwire-cite-authors\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-authors\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-author first\" data-delta=\"0\"><span class=\"nlm-surname\">Leighton<\/span> SP<\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"1\"><span class=\"nlm-surname\">Herron<\/span> JW<\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"2\"><span class=\"nlm-surname\">Jackson<\/span> E<\/span><\/span><span class=\"citation-et\">, et al (2022). <\/span>Delirium and the risk of developing dementia: a cohort study of 12 949 patients<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"highwire-cite-metadata bmjj-citation-metadata\"><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata\"><em>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry<\/em>, <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata\">93:<\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata\">822-827. <a href=\"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/content\/93\/8\/822\">https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/content\/93\/8\/822<\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"citation-text\">Luck, T., Then, F. S., Schroeter, M. L., Witte, V., Engel, C., Loeffler, M., Thiery, J., Villringer, A., &amp; Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2017). Prevalence of DSM-5 Mild Neurocognitive Disorder in Dementia-Free Older Adults: Results of the Population-Based LIFE-Adult-Study. <i>The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry<\/i>, <i>25<\/i>(4), 328\u2013339. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27618647\/\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.07.001<\/a><\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div>Lumen Learning (n.d.). <em>Abnormal psychology. <\/em>Retrieved on August 25, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/treatments-for-neurological-disorders\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/treatments-for-neurological-disorders\/<\/a><\/div>\r\nMayo Clinic (2022). <em>Delirium.<\/em> Diagnosis and Treatment. Retrieved on August 25, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/delirium\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20371391\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/delirium\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20371391<\/a>\r\n\r\nMindyra (2022). <em>Major neurocognitive disorder. <\/em>Retrieved on August 25, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mindyra.com\/solutions\/adults\/majorneurocognitivedisorder\">https:\/\/www.mindyra.com\/solutions\/adults\/majorneurocognitivedisorder<\/a>\r\n\r\nPetretto, D. R., Carrogu, G. P., Gaviano, L., Pili, L., &amp; Pili, R. (2021). Dementia and Major Neurocognitive Disorders: Some Lessons Learned One Century after the first Alois Alzheimer\u2019s Clinical Notes. <i>Geriatrics<\/i>, <i>6<\/i>(1), 5. MDPI AG. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/6\/1\/5#cite\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/geriatrics6010005<\/a>\r\n\r\nSlattery, Z. (2022, January 21). <em>Drawing delirium: Understanding trauma through storytelling <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BcP9VLhpXg8\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BcP9VLhpXg8<\/a>\r\n\r\nTaylor Study Method (2014, August 15). <em>Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=r3a6JOVHwvk\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=r3a6JOVHwvk<\/a>","rendered":"<h2>Chapter 10: Neurocognitive Disorders<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Delirium<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_350\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-350\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-350\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/delirium-300x277.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;6\/365 ~ Delirio, delirium.&quot; by Verano y mil tormentas. is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0.\" width=\"300\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/delirium-300x277.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/delirium-768x710.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/delirium-65x60.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/delirium-225x208.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/delirium-350x323.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/delirium.jpg 1024w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-350\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/42113464@N02\/4936133704\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">6\/365 ~ Delirio, delirium.<\/a>&#8221; by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/42113464@N02\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verano y mil tormentas.<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-ND 2.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Criteria to Diagnose: <\/strong>Delirium is a state where an individual cannot focus, the environment is &#8220;misperceived&#8221; and thoughts are disorganized (American Psychological Association, 2022). Individuals may experience hallucinations or other changes to their vision, memory impairment, or trouble with language. Delirium starts quickly and varies over time; it can be caused by many conditions ranging from infections to seizures to substance abuse (Black &amp; Grant, 2014).<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Typical Demographics: <\/strong>Delirium is most common among older patients, older than 70 years. Medication side effects account for roughly 39% of cases (Echeverria et al., 2022).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Treatment, Medications, and Therapies: <\/strong>Supportive care is a good way to treat delirium, addressing physical symptoms and any triggers that may exist. Medication may cause the delirium, so ask medical professionals for guidance on medications that help and do not cause these symptoms. In addition, there are some coping strategies that can be completed to manage or treat this condition like: good sleep habitat, meditation, promote routine and healthful habits (Mayo Clinic, 2022).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Case Studies to Review:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.596218\/full\">The one-two punch of delirium and dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.573791\/full\">Delirium during recovery in patients with severe COVID-19: Two case reports<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jnnp.bmj.com\/content\/93\/8\/822\">Delirium and the risk of developing dementia: A cohort study of 12949 patients.<\/a> (2022)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"h5p-36\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-36\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"36\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Delirium\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Criteria to Diagnose: <\/strong>This disorder is acquired when an individual experiences significant cognitive decline. The individual will experience challenges in attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, motor abilities and social cognition (Black &amp; Grant, 2014). The deficits will interfere with independence and normal functioning but are not classified as delirium or another mental disorder.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_352\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-352\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-352\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/aged-300x201.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Aged&quot; by TonyHall is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/aged-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/aged-65x44.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/aged-225x151.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/aged-350x234.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/07\/aged.jpg 499w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-352\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/41247051@N00\/4738891641\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aged<\/a>&#8221; by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/41247051@N00\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TonyHall<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Typical Demographics: <\/strong>It is estimated that mild disorders are prevalent in 20.3% of the population, similar ratings in between male and female, but significantly higher in advanced age (Luck et al., 2017) Major neurocognitive disorder prevalence is very low until age 85, when it is roughly 30%.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Treatment, Medications, and Therapies: <\/strong>There is no cure for these disorder. But there are opportunities with medications like antidepressants and antipsychotics, that may minimize the symptoms. Different forms of therapy like cognitive stimulation and deep brain stimluation are alternative options that may also help manage the disorder (Lumen).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Case Studies to Review:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nnp.ima-press.net\/nnp\/article\/view\/789?locale=en_US\">Current approaches to diagnosing and treating major neurocognitive disorder<\/a> (2017)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/6\/1\/5\/htm\">Dementia and major neurocognitive disorders: Some lessons learned one century after the for Alois Alzheimer&#8217;s clinic notes<\/a> (2021)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42238-022-00119-y\">Cannabinoids in the management of behavioral, psychological, and motor symptoms of neurocognitive disorders: A mixed studies systematic review<\/a> (2022)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00954-4\">Persistent COVID-19 associated neurocognitive symptoms in non-hospitalized patients<\/a> (2021)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"h5p-37\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-37\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"37\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Neurocognitive Disorder\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>References:<\/h2>\n<p>American Psychological Association (2022). <em>Delirium. <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 25, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/delirium\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/delirium<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bahji, A., Breward, N., Duff, W. <i>et al. (2022)<\/i> Cannabinoids in the management of behavioral, psychological, and motor symptoms of neurocognitive disorders: a mixed studies systematic review. <i>J Cannabis Res<\/i><strong> 4<\/strong>, 11.<a href=\"https:\/\/jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42238-022-00119-y\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42238-022-00119-y<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Black, D. W., &amp; Grant, J. E. (2014). <i>DSM-5\u00ae Guidebook\u202f: The Essential Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: Vol. Fifth edition<\/i>. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.<\/p>\n<p>Echeverria, M., Schoo, C., &amp; Paul, M. (2022). <em>Delirium.<\/em> National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on August 25, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470399\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470399\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Han D, Wang C, Feng X and Wu J (2020) Delirium During Recovery in Patients With Severe COVID-19: Two Case Reports. <i>Front. Med.<\/i> 7:573791. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.573791\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fmed.2020.573791<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hellmuth, J., Barnett, T.A., Asken, B.M. <i>et al.<\/i> Persistent COVID-19-associated neurocognitive symptoms in non-hospitalized patients. <i>J. Neurovirol.<\/i> <b>27<\/b>, 191\u2013195 (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00954-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-021-00954-4<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kulesh A.A., Shestakov V.V. Current approaches to diagnosing and treating major neurocognitive disorder. <i>Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics<\/i>. 2017;9(4):4-9. (In Russ.) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14412\/2074-2711-2017-4-4-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14412\/2074-2711-2017-4-4-9<\/a><\/p>\n<p>LaHue SC, Douglas VC and Miller BL (2020) The One-Two Punch of Delirium and Dementia During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. <i>Front. 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YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=r3a6JOVHwvk\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=r3a6JOVHwvk<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":353,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60\/revisions\/353"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=60"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=60"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=60"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}