{"id":27,"date":"2022-06-15T12:21:14","date_gmt":"2022-06-15T12:21:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=27"},"modified":"2022-08-22T17:54:05","modified_gmt":"2022-08-22T17:54:05","slug":"chapter-5","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/chapter\/chapter-5\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 5: Mood Disorders","rendered":"Chapter 5: Mood Disorders"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Chapter 5: Mood Disorders<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Overview<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_132\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-132\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/depressed023213-300x245.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;depression&quot; by Magic_Nick is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. \" width=\"300\" height=\"245\" \/> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/29110550@N06\/3449372368\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">depression<\/a>\" by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/29110550@N06\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Magic_Nick<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd-nc\/2.0\/jp\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nMood disorders are defined as severe disturbances in mood and emotions, usually depression, but can include mania. There are two general categories of mood disorders, depressive related disorders and bipolar related disorders. Depressive disorders are generally characterized by sadness and hopelessness to the point that it significantly impairs the functioning of the individual. Bipolar disorders usually have mania as the key characteristic, which is extreme elation but also agitation. The manic episodes can lead to reckless behavior and attempts at multi-tasking, to the point of impaired functioning within the individual.\r\n<h3>Depressive Disorders<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_152\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"645\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression\"><img class=\"wp-image-152 \" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of-300x200.png\" alt=\"Prevalence of Major Depressive Episodes Among US Adults in 2020 (from NIMH)\" width=\"645\" height=\"430\" \/><\/a> Prevalence of Major Depressive Episodes Among US Adults in 2020 (from NIMH) Notes: Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other groups are of non-Hispanic origin. AI\/AN is American Indiana or Alaskan Native. The estimate for Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander groups is not reported due to lack of precise data.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Depressive disorders<\/strong> involve the person feeling excessively sad, empty, or hopeless most of the day and a loss in interest in activities previously enjoyed. In order to receive this diagnosis, they must experience a minimum of five symptoms for at least two weeks and must impair the individuals' functioning. Furthermore, the individual must not have symptoms caused by substances or another medical condition (OSC Rice University; APA, 2013).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_222\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-222\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/sadness-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;sad&quot; by mgstanton is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. \" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" \/> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/23813062@N08\/15026112750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sad<\/a>\" by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/23813062@N08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mgstanton<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd-nc\/2.0\/jp\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Symptoms:<\/strong> significant weight or appetite changes; significant changes in sleep habits; psychomotor agitation or retardation; fatigue; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; lack of concentration or indecisiveness; suicidal ideation. (OSC Rice University; APA, 2013).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Results:<\/strong> this is a serious disorder than can drastically effect someone's life, creating a rather miserable existence for them. Many times these individuals have experienced some form of discrimination. Depression can cause health-related medial problems in the future if not treated. (OSC Rice University; APA, 2013).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Disorders present in this category: <\/strong>Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, major depressive disorder (single episode, recurrent episodes), persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), prementstrual dysphoric disorder, substance\/medication-induced depressive disorder, depressive disorder due to another medical condition, other specified depressive disorder, unspecified depressive disorder.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Typical Medications:<\/strong> Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), Atypical antidepressants, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), or another potential medication. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20356013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more from the Mayo Clinic (2022).<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Case Studies to Review:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.499633\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in major depressive disorder: A study protocol of a randomized control trial and case-control study with electroencephalogram<\/a> (2021)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/11\/4\/e049653\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depression of young people in the global south: evidence form a four-country cohort study<\/a> (2021)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[h5p id=\"7\"]\r\n<h3>Bipolar and Related Disorders<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_160\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"633\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/bipolar-disorder\"><img class=\"wp-image-160 \" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of1-300x200.png\" alt=\" An estimated 2.8% of U.S. adults had bipolar disorder in the past year. Past year prevalence of bipolar disorder among adults was similar for males (2.9%) and females (2.8%). An estimated 4.4% of U.S. adults experience bipolar disorder at some time in their lives.\" width=\"633\" height=\"422\" \/><\/a> Past year prevalence of bipolar disorder among adults was similar for males (2.9%) and females (2.8%). An estimated 4.4% of U.S. adults experience bipolar disorder at some time in their lives. (From NIH)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nBipolar disorder is typically characterized by extreme mood swings between sadness and happiness (typically called manic or euphoria). There should be at least one manic episode documented, in order for this to be the diagnosis. APA defines a manic episode as a \"period characterized by elevated, expansive, or irritable mood\" and often these things include psychomotor agitation, excessive talking, racing thoughts, delusions of grandeur, and more (APA, 2022). Additionally, mood disorders, like bipolar, seems to have a genetic component (Lumen Learning). There are three major types of bipolar disorder: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymic Disorder.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bipolar I<\/strong> has a single or recurrent manic episode. Depressive episodes, again, not necessary, but common. (Lumen Learning)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bipolar II<\/strong> is identified by hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes, instead of more severe manic episodes from Bipolar I (Lumen Learning).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cyclothymic Disorder<\/strong> has alternating periods of hypomania and depression, but it must last a minimum of two years. It is important to mention that the individual cannot be diagnosed with major depressive disorder and must experience symptoms at least half the time, causing significant distress or impairment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Medications: <\/strong>Medications may include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antidepressant-antipsychotic, and anti-anxiety (Mayo Clinic, 2022).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Treatment: <\/strong>Frequently used treatments include medications, maintenance treatment, day treatment programs, substance abuse treatment programs, and if symptoms are severe enough: hospitalization (Mayo Clinic, 2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/bipolar-disorder\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20355961\">Learn more from the Mayo Clinic.<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Case Studies to Review:\r\n<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.482715\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Am I really bipolar? Personal accounts of the experience of being diagnosed with Bipolar II Disorder<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00500\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Depression preceding diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-022-01928-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Existing and emerging pharmacological approaches to the treatment of mania: A critical overview<\/a> (2022)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"8\"]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3>Seasonal Affective Disorder<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_229\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"378\"]<img class=\" wp-image-229\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/SAD-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Seasons&quot; by *~Dawn~* is licensed under CC BY 2.0. \" width=\"378\" height=\"251\" \/> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/12187063@N02\/4363744961\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seasons<\/a>\" by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/12187063@N02\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">*~Dawn~*<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Criteria to Diagnose: <\/strong>Seasonal affective disorder is a depressive mood disorder that affects individuals when the seasons changes. Generally, these feelings begin in fall or winter and end during spring and summer (called winter-pattern SAD). It can also be experience in the reverse as well, where someone feels down during the spring and summer months and up during the fall and winter months (called summer-pattern SAD).\u00a0 (NIMH). Sometimes this disorder also has a predictable occurence of manic episodes (APA, 2022).\r\n\r\nMajor depression includes feeling down most of the day, nearly every day, losing interest in things that once brought joy, feeling sluggish, agitated, hopeless, and having trouble sleeping and concentrating. Sometimes, in severe conditions suicidal thoughts may occur (NIMH)<strong>\r\n<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn winter-pattern SAD, individuals may also experience oversleeping, overeating and weight gain, as well as social withdrawal. Those experiencing summer-pattern SAD will also experience anxiety and episodes of violent behavior (NIMH)\r\n\r\n<strong>Typical Demographics: <\/strong>Millions of adults may suffer from this condition and not be aware of it. Women tend to be afflicted more often than men, though there does seem to be a geographical component to it as well. Countries that are located further north are more likely to experience this condition. SAD is more prevalent in those that have other mental disorders.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_231\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"383\"]<img class=\" wp-image-231\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/vitamin-d-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;DSC_5114 vitamin D softgels - macro&quot; by Filip Patock is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. \" width=\"383\" height=\"254\" \/> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/142841067@N07\/44315965540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DSC_5114 vitamin D softgels - macro<\/a>\" by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/142841067@N07\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Filip Patock<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd-nc\/2.0\/jp\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Treatment, Medications, Therapies: <\/strong>There are several ways to treat SAD. Psychotherapy is a common solution, but also light therapy, antidepressants, and Vitamin D can combat the symptoms of SAD.\r\n\r\n<strong>Case Studies to Review:\r\n<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01451\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The role of diet, eating behavior, and nutrition intervention in seasonal affective disorder: A systematic review<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.950328\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EEG-Responses to mood induction interact with seasonality and age<\/a> (2022).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-10161-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Effects of dynamic bedroom lighting on measures of sleep and circadian rest-activity rhythm in inpatients with major depressive disorder<\/a> (2022)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/journalbipolardisorders.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40345-020-00182-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treating winter depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: An open trial of light therapy<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[h5p id=\"17\"]\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>References:<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychiatric Association (n.d.) <em>What are personality disorders? <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/personality-disorders\/what-are-personality-disorders\">https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/personality-disorders\/what-are-personality-disorders<\/a><\/p>\r\nAmerican Psychological Association (2022). <em>Seasonal affective disorder.<\/em> APA. Retrieved on August 19, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/seasonal-affective-disorder\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/seasonal-affective-disorder<\/a>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychological Association (2022). <em>Manic episode. <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/manic-episode\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/manic-episode<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Black, D. W., &amp; Grant, J. E. (2014). <i>DSM-5\u00ae Guidebook\u202f: The Essential Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: Vol. Fifth edition<\/i>. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.<\/p>\r\nCanazei, M., Weninger, J., Pohl, W. <i>et al.<\/i> (2022). Effects of dynamic bedroom lighting on measures of sleep and circadian rest-activity rhythm in inpatients with major depressive disorder. <i>Sci Rep<\/i> 12, 6137 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-10161-8#citeas\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-10161-8<\/a>\r\n\r\nH\u00f6ller Y, J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir ST, Hannesd\u00f3ttir AH and \u00d3lafsson RP (2022) EEG-responses to mood induction interact with seasonality and age. <i>Front. Psychiatry<\/i> 13:950328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.950328\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.950328<\/a>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Johansson C and Werbart A (2020) Am I Really Bipolar? Personal Accounts of the Experience of Being Diagnosed With Bipolar II Disorder. <i>Front. Psychol.<\/i> 11:482715.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.482715\/full\"> doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.482715<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Khan Academy Medicine (2015, September 4). <em>Types of depression and bipolar disorder in the DSM-5 <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eSXZwk8axmI\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eSXZwk8axmI<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lumen Learning (n.d.). <em>Mood disorders. <\/em>Abnormal Psychology. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/mood-disorders\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/mood-disorders\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic (2022). <em>Depression (major depressive disorder)<\/em><em>. <\/em>Diagnosis. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20356013\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20356013<\/a><\/p>\r\nMayo Clinic Health System (2018, January 11). <em>Seasonal affective disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TWtrS8Qvo1Q\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TWtrS8Qvo1Q<\/a>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">National Institute of Mental Health (2022). <em>Major depression. <\/em>NIMH. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression#part_2631\">https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression#part_2631<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">National Institute of Mental Health (2022). <em>Bipoldar disorder. <\/em>NIMH. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/bipolar-disorder\">https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/bipolar-disorder<\/a><\/p>\r\nNational Institute of Mental Health (2022). <em>Seasonal affective disorder. NIMH. <\/em>Retrieved on August 19, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/seasonal-affective-disorder\">https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/seasonal-affective-disorder<\/a>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">O'Donovan C and Alda M (2020) Depression Preceding Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder. <i>Front. Psychiatry<\/i> 11:500. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00500\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00500<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">OSC Rice University (n.d.). <em>Diagnosing and classifying psychological disorders. <\/em>Pressbooks. Retrieved on August 10, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/opentext.wsu.edu\/ospsychrevisions\/chapter\/diagnosing-and-classifying-psychological-disorders\/\">https:\/\/opentext.wsu.edu\/ospsychrevisions\/chapter\/diagnosing-and-classifying-psychological-disorders\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"highwire-cite-authors hanging-indent\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-authors\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-author first\" data-delta=\"0\"><span class=\"nlm-surname\">Porter<\/span> C<\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"1\"><span class=\"nlm-surname\">Favara<\/span> M<\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"2\"><span class=\"nlm-surname\">Hittmeyer<\/span> A<\/span><\/span><span class=\"citation-et\">, et al (2021). <\/span>Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depression symptoms of young people in the global south: evidence from a four-country cohort study<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"highwire-cite-metadata bmjj-citation-metadata hanging-indent\"><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata\">BMJ Open<\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-year highwire-cite-metadata\">;<\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata\">11:<\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-elocation-id highwire-cite-metadata\">e049653. <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/11\/4\/e049653.citation-tools\"><span class=\"label\">doi:<\/span> 10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049653<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Psych2Go (2018, March 3). <em>5 types of depressive disorders <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PbJB02Zlh4w\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PbJB02Zlh4w<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sparacino, G., Verdolini, N., Vieta, E. <i>et al. (2022).<\/i> Existing and emerging pharmacological approaches to the treatment of mania: A critical overview. <i>Transl Psychiatry<\/i> <b>12<\/b>, 169\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-022-01928-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-022-01928-8<\/a><\/p>\r\nvan Hout, L.J.E., Rops, L.E.P. &amp; Simons, C.J.P. (2020). Treating winter depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: an open trial of light therapy. <i>Int J Bipolar Disord<\/i> <b>8<\/b>, 17\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/journalbipolardisorders.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40345-020-00182-5#citeas\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40345-020-00182-5<\/a>\r\n\r\nYang Y, Zhang S, Zhang X, Xu Y, Cheng J and Yang X (2020). The Role of Diet, Eating Behavior, and Nutrition Intervention in Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Systematic Review. <i>Front. Psychol.<\/i> 11:1451. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01451\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01451<\/a>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Zhang T, Wang L, Bai Y, Zhao W, Wu Y, Jiang W, Fan Q and Qiu J (2021) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder: A Study Protocol of a Randomized Control Trial and a Case\u2013Control Study With Electroencephalogram. <i>Front. Psychiatry<\/i> 12:499633. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.499633\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.499633<\/a><\/p>","rendered":"<h2>Chapter 5: Mood Disorders<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Overview<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_132\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-132\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-132\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/depressed023213-300x245.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;depression&quot; by Magic_Nick is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.\" width=\"300\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/depressed023213-300x245.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/depressed023213-768x628.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/depressed023213-65x53.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/depressed023213-225x184.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/depressed023213-350x286.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/depressed023213.jpg 1023w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-132\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/29110550@N06\/3449372368\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">depression<\/a>&#8221; by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/29110550@N06\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Magic_Nick<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd-nc\/2.0\/jp\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Mood disorders are defined as severe disturbances in mood and emotions, usually depression, but can include mania. There are two general categories of mood disorders, depressive related disorders and bipolar related disorders. Depressive disorders are generally characterized by sadness and hopelessness to the point that it significantly impairs the functioning of the individual. Bipolar disorders usually have mania as the key characteristic, which is extreme elation but also agitation. The manic episodes can lead to reckless behavior and attempts at multi-tasking, to the point of impaired functioning within the individual.<\/p>\n<h3>Depressive Disorders<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_152\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-152\" style=\"width: 645px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression\"><img class=\"wp-image-152\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of-300x200.png\" alt=\"Prevalence of Major Depressive Episodes Among US Adults in 2020 (from NIMH)\" width=\"645\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of-225x150.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of-350x233.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of.png 1200w\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-152\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prevalence of Major Depressive Episodes Among US Adults in 2020 (from NIMH) Notes: Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other groups are of non-Hispanic origin. AI\/AN is American Indiana or Alaskan Native. The estimate for Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander groups is not reported due to lack of precise data.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Depressive disorders<\/strong> involve the person feeling excessively sad, empty, or hopeless most of the day and a loss in interest in activities previously enjoyed. In order to receive this diagnosis, they must experience a minimum of five symptoms for at least two weeks and must impair the individuals&#8217; functioning. Furthermore, the individual must not have symptoms caused by substances or another medical condition (OSC Rice University; APA, 2013).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_222\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-222\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-222\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/sadness-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;sad&quot; by mgstanton is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/sadness-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/sadness-768x548.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/sadness-65x46.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/sadness-225x161.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/sadness-350x250.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/sadness.jpg 1024w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-222\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/23813062@N08\/15026112750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sad<\/a>&#8221; by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/23813062@N08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mgstanton<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd-nc\/2.0\/jp\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Symptoms:<\/strong> significant weight or appetite changes; significant changes in sleep habits; psychomotor agitation or retardation; fatigue; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; lack of concentration or indecisiveness; suicidal ideation. (OSC Rice University; APA, 2013).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Results:<\/strong> this is a serious disorder than can drastically effect someone&#8217;s life, creating a rather miserable existence for them. Many times these individuals have experienced some form of discrimination. Depression can cause health-related medial problems in the future if not treated. (OSC Rice University; APA, 2013).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Disorders present in this category: <\/strong>Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, major depressive disorder (single episode, recurrent episodes), persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), prementstrual dysphoric disorder, substance\/medication-induced depressive disorder, depressive disorder due to another medical condition, other specified depressive disorder, unspecified depressive disorder.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Typical Medications:<\/strong> Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), Atypical antidepressants, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), or another potential medication. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20356013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more from the Mayo Clinic (2022).<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Case Studies to Review:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.499633\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in major depressive disorder: A study protocol of a randomized control trial and case-control study with electroencephalogram<\/a> (2021)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/11\/4\/e049653\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depression of young people in the global south: evidence form a four-country cohort study<\/a> (2021)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"h5p-7\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-7\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"7\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"5 types of depressive disorders\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Bipolar and Related Disorders<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_160\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-160\" style=\"width: 633px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/bipolar-disorder\"><img class=\"wp-image-160\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of1-300x200.png\" alt=\"An estimated 2.8% of U.S. adults had bipolar disorder in the past year. Past year prevalence of bipolar disorder among adults was similar for males (2.9%) and females (2.8%). An estimated 4.4% of U.S. adults experience bipolar disorder at some time in their lives.\" width=\"633\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of1-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of1-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of1-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of1-225x150.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of1-350x233.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/past-year-prevalence-of1.png 1200w\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-160\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Past year prevalence of bipolar disorder among adults was similar for males (2.9%) and females (2.8%). An estimated 4.4% of U.S. adults experience bipolar disorder at some time in their lives. (From NIH)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by extreme mood swings between sadness and happiness (typically called manic or euphoria). There should be at least one manic episode documented, in order for this to be the diagnosis. APA defines a manic episode as a &#8220;period characterized by elevated, expansive, or irritable mood&#8221; and often these things include psychomotor agitation, excessive talking, racing thoughts, delusions of grandeur, and more (APA, 2022). Additionally, mood disorders, like bipolar, seems to have a genetic component (Lumen Learning). There are three major types of bipolar disorder: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymic Disorder.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bipolar I<\/strong> has a single or recurrent manic episode. Depressive episodes, again, not necessary, but common. (Lumen Learning)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bipolar II<\/strong> is identified by hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes, instead of more severe manic episodes from Bipolar I (Lumen Learning).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cyclothymic Disorder<\/strong> has alternating periods of hypomania and depression, but it must last a minimum of two years. It is important to mention that the individual cannot be diagnosed with major depressive disorder and must experience symptoms at least half the time, causing significant distress or impairment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Medications: <\/strong>Medications may include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antidepressant-antipsychotic, and anti-anxiety (Mayo Clinic, 2022).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Treatment: <\/strong>Frequently used treatments include medications, maintenance treatment, day treatment programs, substance abuse treatment programs, and if symptoms are severe enough: hospitalization (Mayo Clinic, 2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/bipolar-disorder\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20355961\">Learn more from the Mayo Clinic.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Case Studies to Review:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.482715\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Am I really bipolar? Personal accounts of the experience of being diagnosed with Bipolar II Disorder<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00500\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Depression preceding diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41398-022-01928-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Existing and emerging pharmacological approaches to the treatment of mania: A critical overview<\/a> (2022)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-8\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-8\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"8\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"bipolar video\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Seasonal Affective Disorder<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_229\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-229\" style=\"width: 378px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img class=\"wp-image-229\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/SAD-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Seasons&quot; by *~Dawn~* is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\" width=\"378\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/SAD-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/SAD-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/SAD-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/SAD-225x149.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/SAD-350x232.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/SAD.jpg 1024w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-229\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/12187063@N02\/4363744961\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seasons<\/a>&#8221; by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/12187063@N02\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">*~Dawn~*<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Criteria to Diagnose: <\/strong>Seasonal affective disorder is a depressive mood disorder that affects individuals when the seasons changes. Generally, these feelings begin in fall or winter and end during spring and summer (called winter-pattern SAD). It can also be experience in the reverse as well, where someone feels down during the spring and summer months and up during the fall and winter months (called summer-pattern SAD).\u00a0 (NIMH). Sometimes this disorder also has a predictable occurence of manic episodes (APA, 2022).<\/p>\n<p>Major depression includes feeling down most of the day, nearly every day, losing interest in things that once brought joy, feeling sluggish, agitated, hopeless, and having trouble sleeping and concentrating. Sometimes, in severe conditions suicidal thoughts may occur (NIMH)<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In winter-pattern SAD, individuals may also experience oversleeping, overeating and weight gain, as well as social withdrawal. Those experiencing summer-pattern SAD will also experience anxiety and episodes of violent behavior (NIMH)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Typical Demographics: <\/strong>Millions of adults may suffer from this condition and not be aware of it. Women tend to be afflicted more often than men, though there does seem to be a geographical component to it as well. Countries that are located further north are more likely to experience this condition. SAD is more prevalent in those that have other mental disorders.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_231\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-231\" style=\"width: 383px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img class=\"wp-image-231\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/vitamin-d-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;DSC_5114 vitamin D softgels - macro&quot; by Filip Patock is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.\" width=\"383\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/vitamin-d-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/vitamin-d-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/vitamin-d-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/vitamin-d-225x149.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/vitamin-d-350x232.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/vitamin-d.jpg 1024w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-231\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/142841067@N07\/44315965540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DSC_5114 vitamin D softgels &#8211; macro<\/a>&#8221; by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/142841067@N07\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Filip Patock<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd-nc\/2.0\/jp\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Treatment, Medications, Therapies: <\/strong>There are several ways to treat SAD. Psychotherapy is a common solution, but also light therapy, antidepressants, and Vitamin D can combat the symptoms of SAD.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Case Studies to Review:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01451\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The role of diet, eating behavior, and nutrition intervention in seasonal affective disorder: A systematic review<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.950328\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EEG-Responses to mood induction interact with seasonality and age<\/a> (2022).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-10161-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Effects of dynamic bedroom lighting on measures of sleep and circadian rest-activity rhythm in inpatients with major depressive disorder<\/a> (2022)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/journalbipolardisorders.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40345-020-00182-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treating winter depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: An open trial of light therapy<\/a> (2020)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"h5p-17\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-17\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"17\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"SAD\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>References:<\/h2>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychiatric Association (n.d.) <em>What are personality disorders? <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/personality-disorders\/what-are-personality-disorders\">https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/personality-disorders\/what-are-personality-disorders<\/a><\/p>\n<p>American Psychological Association (2022). <em>Seasonal affective disorder.<\/em> APA. Retrieved on August 19, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/seasonal-affective-disorder\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/seasonal-affective-disorder<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychological Association (2022). <em>Manic episode. <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/manic-episode\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/manic-episode<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Black, D. W., &amp; Grant, J. E. (2014). <i>DSM-5\u00ae Guidebook\u202f: The Essential Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: Vol. Fifth edition<\/i>. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.<\/p>\n<p>Canazei, M., Weninger, J., Pohl, W. <i>et al.<\/i> (2022). Effects of dynamic bedroom lighting on measures of sleep and circadian rest-activity rhythm in inpatients with major depressive disorder. <i>Sci Rep<\/i> 12, 6137 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-10161-8#citeas\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-10161-8<\/a><\/p>\n<p>H\u00f6ller Y, J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir ST, Hannesd\u00f3ttir AH and \u00d3lafsson RP (2022) EEG-responses to mood induction interact with seasonality and age. <i>Front. Psychiatry<\/i> 13:950328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.950328\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.950328<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Johansson C and Werbart A (2020) Am I Really Bipolar? Personal Accounts of the Experience of Being Diagnosed With Bipolar II Disorder. <i>Front. Psychol.<\/i> 11:482715.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.482715\/full\"> doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.482715<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Khan Academy Medicine (2015, September 4). <em>Types of depression and bipolar disorder in the DSM-5 <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eSXZwk8axmI\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eSXZwk8axmI<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lumen Learning (n.d.). <em>Mood disorders. <\/em>Abnormal Psychology. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/mood-disorders\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/mood-disorders\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic (2022). <em>Depression (major depressive disorder)<\/em><em>. <\/em>Diagnosis. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20356013\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20356013<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Mayo Clinic Health System (2018, January 11). <em>Seasonal affective disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TWtrS8Qvo1Q\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TWtrS8Qvo1Q<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">National Institute of Mental Health (2022). <em>Major depression. <\/em>NIMH. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression#part_2631\">https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression#part_2631<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">National Institute of Mental Health (2022). <em>Bipoldar disorder. <\/em>NIMH. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/bipolar-disorder\">https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/bipolar-disorder<\/a><\/p>\n<p>National Institute of Mental Health (2022). <em>Seasonal affective disorder. NIMH. <\/em>Retrieved on August 19, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/seasonal-affective-disorder\">https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/seasonal-affective-disorder<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">O&#8217;Donovan C and Alda M (2020) Depression Preceding Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder. <i>Front. Psychiatry<\/i> 11:500. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00500\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00500<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">OSC Rice University (n.d.). <em>Diagnosing and classifying psychological disorders. <\/em>Pressbooks. 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