{"id":23,"date":"2022-06-15T12:20:51","date_gmt":"2022-06-15T12:20:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=23"},"modified":"2022-08-22T17:05:43","modified_gmt":"2022-08-22T17:05:43","slug":"chapter-3","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/chapter\/chapter-3\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 3: Personality Disorders","rendered":"Chapter 3: Personality Disorders"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Chapter 3: Personality Disorders<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Overview<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_220\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-220\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/personality-w90weips-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Postmodern Drama Masks&quot; by loresjoberg is licensed under CC BY 2.0. \" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/> \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/85981856@N00\/2289812355\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Postmodern Drama Masks<\/a>\" by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/85981856@N00\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">loresjoberg<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nEstimates suggest that roughly 10-13% of the population has a personality disorder and in the U.S. it is estimated that 9% has at least one personality disorder.\u00a0 They are the most common diagnoses, but are often misunderstood (Recovery Village, 2022). Personality disorders affect the way someone thinks, responds, relates, or behaves; without proper treatment it can be a long-lasting condition (American Psychiatric Association).\r\n\r\nPersonality disorders are typically treated using these strategies:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Psychotherapy (Including: psychoanalytic\/psychodynamic, dialectical behavioral, cognitive behavioral, group, or psychoeducation)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Medications are not clearly defined, but can include antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, or mood stabilizers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A team approach may be necessary for longer-lasting symptoms experienced by individuals.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nMayo Clinic (2022) and APA recommend the following self-care and coping strategies as well:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Educate yourself.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Exercise.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Avoid substances.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Receive regular check-ups with doctor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Join support groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Journaling<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stress management and relaxation techniques.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mitigate feelings of isolation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Cluster A<\/h3>\r\nSelect each of the three hot spots below to learn more about the Cluster A Personality Disorders: Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, and Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Select the icon in the upper right corner to enlarge to full screen. There is a video and description for each disorder.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"9\"]\r\n<h3>Cluster B<\/h3>\r\nSelect each of the four hot spots below to learn more about the Cluster B Personality Disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Select the icon in the upper right corner to enlarge to full screen. There is a video and description for each disorder.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"10\"]\r\n<h3>Cluster C<\/h3>\r\nSelect each of the three hot spots below to learn more about the Cluster C Personality Disorders:\u00a0 Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder. Select the icon in the upper right corner to enlarge to full screen. There is a video and description for each disorder.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"11\"]\r\n<h3>Other Personality Disorders<\/h3>\r\nIn this final selection of hot spots, learn more about other personality disorders like: Personality Change Due to Another Medical Condition, Other Specified Personality Disorder, and Unspecific Personality Disorder. There are not videos associated with these situations, but the diagnostic details are important to know.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"12\"]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychiatric Association (n.d.) <em>What are personality disorders? <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/personality-disorders\/what-are-personality-disorders\">https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/personality-disorders\/what-are-personality-disorders<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychological Association (2022). <em>Manic episode. <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/manic-episode\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/manic-episode<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychological Association (2022). <em>Borderline personality disorder. <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/borderline-personality-disorder\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/borderline-personality-disorder<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychological Association (2022). <em>Narcissistic personality disorder. <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/narcissistic-personality-disorder\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/narcissistic-personality-disorder<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Black, D. W., &amp; Grant, J. E. (2014). <i>DSM-5\u00ae Guidebook\u202f: The Essential Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: Vol. Fifth edition<\/i>. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Counseling Profession (2012, August 17). <em>Paranoid personality disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dBvsfansgnY\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dBvsfansgnY<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Grande, T. (2017, June 15). <em>Behavioral therapy counseling role-play - client with symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Johansson C and Werbart A (2020) Am I Really Bipolar? Personal Accounts of the Experience of Being Diagnosed With Bipolar II Disorder. <i>Front. Psychol.<\/i> 11:482715.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.482715\/full\"> doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.482715<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Khan Academy Medicine (2015, September 4). <em>Schizotypal personality disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Khan Academy Medicine (2015, September 4). <em>Types of depression and bipolar disorder in the DSM-5 <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eSXZwk8axmI\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eSXZwk8axmI<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lumen Learning (n.d.). <em>Mood disorders. <\/em>Abnormal Psychology. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/mood-disorders\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/mood-disorders\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Marks, T. (2021, April 21). <em>The insecurity of dependent personality disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic (2022). <em>Depression (major depressive disorder)<\/em><em>. <\/em>Diagnosis. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20356013\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20356013<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic (2022). <em>Personality disorders. <\/em>Symptoms and Causes. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/personality-disorders\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20354463\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/personality-disorders\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20354463<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">MedCircle (2022, July 14). <em>The 8 traits of obsessive compulsive personality disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Morton, K. (2013, October 21). <em>What is avoidant personality disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">National Institute of Mental Health (2022). <em>Major depression. <\/em>NIMH. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression#part_2631\">https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression#part_2631<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">National Institute of Mental Health (2022). <em>Bipoldar disorder. <\/em>NIMH. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/bipolar-disorder\">https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/bipolar-disorder<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">O'Donovan C and Alda M (2020) Depression Preceding Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder. <i>Front. Psychiatry<\/i> 11:500. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00500\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00500<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">OSC Rice University (n.d.). <em>Diagnosing and classifying psychological disorders. <\/em>Pressbooks. Retrieved on August 10, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/opentext.wsu.edu\/ospsychrevisions\/chapter\/diagnosing-and-classifying-psychological-disorders\/\">https:\/\/opentext.wsu.edu\/ospsychrevisions\/chapter\/diagnosing-and-classifying-psychological-disorders\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"highwire-cite-authors hanging-indent\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-authors\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-author first\" data-delta=\"0\"><span class=\"nlm-surname\">Porter<\/span> C<\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"1\"><span class=\"nlm-surname\">Favara<\/span> M<\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"2\"><span class=\"nlm-surname\">Hittmeyer<\/span> A<\/span><\/span><span class=\"citation-et\">, et al (2021). <\/span>Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depression symptoms of young people in the global south: evidence from a four-country cohort study<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"highwire-cite-metadata bmjj-citation-metadata hanging-indent\"><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata\">BMJ Open<\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-year highwire-cite-metadata\">;<\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata\">11:<\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-elocation-id highwire-cite-metadata\">e049653. <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/11\/4\/e049653.citation-tools\"><span class=\"label\">doi:<\/span> 10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049653<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Psych2Go (2018, March 3). <em>5 types of depressive disorders <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PbJB02Zlh4w\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PbJB02Zlh4w<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Psych2Go (2020, November 23). <em>8 signs of antisocial personality disorder<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Recovery Village, The (2022, August 2). <em>Personality disorders facts and statistics. <\/em>Retrieved August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.therecoveryvillage.com\/mental-health\/personality-disorders\/personality-disorder-statistics\/\">https:\/\/www.therecoveryvillage.com\/mental-health\/personality-disorders\/personality-disorder-statistics\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Self (2022, May 18). <em>Every way borderline personality disorder affects my life <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sparacino, G., Verdolini, N., Vieta, E. <i>et al. (2022).<\/i> Existing and emerging pharmacological approaches to the treatment of mania: A critical overview. <i>Transl Psychiatry<\/i> <b>12<\/b>, 169\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-022-01928-8<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Symptom Media (2020, February 6). <em>Schizoid personality disorder example DSM-5-TR symptoms psychology film<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEU\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEU<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Symptom Media (2010, June 10). <em>Histrionic personality disorder example case study sample DSM-5-TR film <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Zhang T, Wang L, Bai Y, Zhao W, Wu Y, Jiang W, Fan Q and Qiu J (2021) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder: A Study Protocol of a Randomized Control Trial and a Case\u2013Control Study With Electroencephalogram. <i>Front. Psychiatry<\/i> 12:499633. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.499633\/full\">doi: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.499633<\/a><\/p>","rendered":"<h2>Chapter 3: Personality Disorders<\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Overview<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_220\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-220\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-220\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/personality-w90weips-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Postmodern Drama Masks&quot; by loresjoberg is licensed under CC BY 2.0.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/personality-w90weips-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/personality-w90weips-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/personality-w90weips-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/personality-w90weips-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/personality-w90weips-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/psychopathology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2022\/06\/personality-w90weips.jpg 1024w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-220\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/85981856@N00\/2289812355\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Postmodern Drama Masks<\/a>&#8221; by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/85981856@N00\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">loresjoberg<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Estimates suggest that roughly 10-13% of the population has a personality disorder and in the U.S. it is estimated that 9% has at least one personality disorder.\u00a0 They are the most common diagnoses, but are often misunderstood (Recovery Village, 2022). Personality disorders affect the way someone thinks, responds, relates, or behaves; without proper treatment it can be a long-lasting condition (American Psychiatric Association).<\/p>\n<p>Personality disorders are typically treated using these strategies:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Psychotherapy (Including: psychoanalytic\/psychodynamic, dialectical behavioral, cognitive behavioral, group, or psychoeducation)<\/li>\n<li>Medications are not clearly defined, but can include antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, or mood stabilizers.<\/li>\n<li>A team approach may be necessary for longer-lasting symptoms experienced by individuals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Mayo Clinic (2022) and APA recommend the following self-care and coping strategies as well:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Educate yourself.<\/li>\n<li>Exercise.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid substances.<\/li>\n<li>Receive regular check-ups with doctor.<\/li>\n<li>Join support groups.<\/li>\n<li>Journaling<\/li>\n<li>Stress management and relaxation techniques.<\/li>\n<li>Mitigate feelings of isolation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Cluster A<\/h3>\n<p>Select each of the three hot spots below to learn more about the Cluster A Personality Disorders: Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, and Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Select the icon in the upper right corner to enlarge to full screen. There is a video and description for each disorder.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-9\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-9\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"9\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"ClusterA\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Cluster B<\/h3>\n<p>Select each of the four hot spots below to learn more about the Cluster B Personality Disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Select the icon in the upper right corner to enlarge to full screen. There is a video and description for each disorder.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-10\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-10\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"10\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"CLUSTER B\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Cluster C<\/h3>\n<p>Select each of the three hot spots below to learn more about the Cluster C Personality Disorders:\u00a0 Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder. Select the icon in the upper right corner to enlarge to full screen. There is a video and description for each disorder.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-11\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-11\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"11\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"cluster c\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Other Personality Disorders<\/h3>\n<p>In this final selection of hot spots, learn more about other personality disorders like: Personality Change Due to Another Medical Condition, Other Specified Personality Disorder, and Unspecific Personality Disorder. There are not videos associated with these situations, but the diagnostic details are important to know.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-12\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-12\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"12\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Other PDs\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychiatric Association (n.d.) <em>What are personality disorders? <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/personality-disorders\/what-are-personality-disorders\">https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/personality-disorders\/what-are-personality-disorders<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychological Association (2022). <em>Manic episode. <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/manic-episode\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/manic-episode<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychological Association (2022). <em>Borderline personality disorder. <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/borderline-personality-disorder\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/borderline-personality-disorder<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">American Psychological Association (2022). <em>Narcissistic personality disorder. <\/em>APA. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/narcissistic-personality-disorder\">https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/narcissistic-personality-disorder<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Black, D. W., &amp; Grant, J. E. (2014). <i>DSM-5\u00ae Guidebook\u202f: The Essential Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: Vol. Fifth edition<\/i>. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Counseling Profession (2012, August 17). <em>Paranoid personality disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dBvsfansgnY\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dBvsfansgnY<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Grande, T. (2017, June 15). <em>Behavioral therapy counseling role-play &#8211; client with symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Johansson C and Werbart A (2020) Am I Really Bipolar? Personal Accounts of the Experience of Being Diagnosed With Bipolar II Disorder. <i>Front. Psychol.<\/i> 11:482715.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.482715\/full\"> doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.482715<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Khan Academy Medicine (2015, September 4). <em>Schizotypal personality disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Khan Academy Medicine (2015, September 4). <em>Types of depression and bipolar disorder in the DSM-5 <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eSXZwk8axmI\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eSXZwk8axmI<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lumen Learning (n.d.). <em>Mood disorders. <\/em>Abnormal Psychology. Retrieved on August 17, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/mood-disorders\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-abnormalpsych\/chapter\/mood-disorders\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Marks, T. (2021, April 21). <em>The insecurity of dependent personality disorder <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P2prjXdnfEUschiz<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic (2022). <em>Depression (major depressive disorder)<\/em><em>. <\/em>Diagnosis. Retrieved on August 18, 2022 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20356013\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/depression\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20356013<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Mayo Clinic (2022). <em>Personality disorders. <\/em>Symptoms and Causes. 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