{"id":24,"date":"2023-04-18T11:29:31","date_gmt":"2023-04-18T11:29:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=24"},"modified":"2023-06-23T18:07:35","modified_gmt":"2023-06-23T18:07:35","slug":"chapter-3","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/chapter\/chapter-3\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 3","rendered":"Chapter 3"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Chapter 3: Concurrent Engineering and the Design Process<\/h1>\r\n[h5p id=\"5\"]\r\n<h3>Traditional Engineering<\/h3>\r\nTraditional engineering was carried out through sequential or \"over-the-wall\" methods. The engineer (or customer) would have created and designed it, then sent it \"over-the-wall\" to purchasing and manufacturing. Across-department communication is minimal and also expected. The time spent designing is shortened, resulting in some challenges.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Departments develop designs without good input from other stakeholders.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Challenges are not identified early and then either must go back for re-design or waste becomes \"designed into product\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Overall time to produce a good quality product is increased.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Costs associated with poor design for manufacturability are locked in for the lifetime of the product.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nLearn more about Sequential Engineering by selecting this link: <a href=\"https:\/\/engineeringproductdesign.com\/concurrent-vs-sequential-engineering\/#What_is_Sequential_Engineering_SE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is Sequential Engineering?<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_97\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"599\"]<img class=\" wp-image-97\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-3-300x169.png\" alt=\"traditional engineering approach\" width=\"599\" height=\"337\" \/> The image above is a visual representation of the \"over-the-wall\" design process, also known as synchronous design.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3>Concurrent Engineering<\/h3>\r\nIn order to better plan for the attributes of manufacturability, a new approach called concurrent engineering is utilized for DFMA. Concurrent engineering (also known as integrated product development and simultaneous engineering) is a method of manufacturing where different departments are working simultaneously on product development.\u00a0 If the process works as intended, the process is significantly more efficient, reducing time and overall costs while improving the quality of the end product (Engineering Product Design, 2023). Below is an example of the different interactions occurring simultaneously. Learn more about the benefits of DFMA by reading the following article: <a href=\"https:\/\/skill-lync.com\/blogs\/technical-blogs\/design-understanding-design-for-manufacturing-assembly-dfma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Understanding DFMA<\/a>\r\n\r\nFor concurrent engineering to be effective, increased departmental collaboration and communication must occur early and often in the design process. This can be challenging, as many engineers prefer to design independently and meetings can be both challenging to schedule and also time intensive.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_69\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"618\"]<img class=\" wp-image-69\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-1-300x169.png\" alt=\"concurrent engineering interactions\" width=\"618\" height=\"348\" \/> Concurrent engineering interactions (Adapted from Engineering Product Design, 2023)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nHowever, even though concurrent engineering increases the time spent in the planning phases, it dramatically decreases the overall time for full speed production. This happens by greatly reducing the need for engineering changes, rework, and long-term manufacturing process changes and delays due to designs whih were not effectively planned for manufacturability.\r\n\r\nHere is an example, comparing traditional and DFMA sequences (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/335338914_High-Rise_and_DfMA_Construction_Implications_of_'Flat-Pack'_Plumbing_Systems\">from Vaz-Serra &amp; Marfella (2019)<\/a>)\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 145px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 10px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 10px\">Step<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 10px\">Traditional Assembly Sequence<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 10px\">DFMA Sequence<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Drywall marking and installation of metal tracks (top, bottom, vertical).<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Drywall marking and installation of metal tracks (top, bottom, vertical).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Plumbing trade to arrive on-site and mark noggins.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Plumbing trade installs the flat wall.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Drywall trade to install noggins.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Drywall trade to finish the wall installation with plasterboard, tiling, and painting.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Plumbing trade to install final fittings on the wall.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Plumbing trade to install pipes and support for fittings.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Drywall trade to finish the wall with plasterboard, tiling, and painting.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%\">Plumbing trade to install final fittings on the wall.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_103\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1087\"]<img class=\"wp-image-103\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation2-1-e1687532987434-300x101.png\" alt=\"A comparison of time requirements between traditional, prefabricated, and DFMA improved methods of construction of plumbing high rise wet areas.\" width=\"1087\" height=\"366\" \/> A comparison of time requirements between traditional, prefabricated, and DFMA improved methods of construction of plumbing high rise wet areas (from Vaz-Serra and Marfello, 2019).[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_78\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"832\"]<img class=\" wp-image-78\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation1-1-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"832\" height=\"469\" \/> Best practices for concurrent engineering[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"15\"]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"6\"]\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\nDivyakumar, P. (2021). <em>Case study on concurrent engineering vs traditional engineering <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1WKEu0GxcYo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1WKEu0GxcYo<\/a>\r\n\r\nFarris, J. (n.d.). <em>Over the wall engineering. <\/em>Retrieved on May 8, 2023 from <a href=\"https:\/\/npdbook.com\/introduction-to-stage-gate-method\/the-era-of-specialization-and-over-the-wall-design\/\">https:\/\/npdbook.com\/introduction-to-stage-gate-method\/the-era-of-specialization-and-over-the-wall-design\/<\/a>\r\n\r\nHegedic, M., Stefanic, N., Niksic, M. (2018). Life cycle assessment: Assessing the environmental impact in the railway maintenance. <em>MATEC Web of Conferences, 180<\/em>(5). doi: 10.1051\/matecconf\/201818001004","rendered":"<h1>Chapter 3: Concurrent Engineering and the Design Process<\/h1>\n<div id=\"h5p-5\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-5\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"5\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Concurrent Engineering\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Traditional Engineering<\/h3>\n<p>Traditional engineering was carried out through sequential or &#8220;over-the-wall&#8221; methods. The engineer (or customer) would have created and designed it, then sent it &#8220;over-the-wall&#8221; to purchasing and manufacturing. Across-department communication is minimal and also expected. The time spent designing is shortened, resulting in some challenges.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Departments develop designs without good input from other stakeholders.<\/li>\n<li>Challenges are not identified early and then either must go back for re-design or waste becomes &#8220;designed into product&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Overall time to produce a good quality product is increased.<\/li>\n<li>Costs associated with poor design for manufacturability are locked in for the lifetime of the product.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Learn more about Sequential Engineering by selecting this link: <a href=\"https:\/\/engineeringproductdesign.com\/concurrent-vs-sequential-engineering\/#What_is_Sequential_Engineering_SE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is Sequential Engineering?<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_97\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-97\" style=\"width: 599px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img class=\"wp-image-97\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-3-300x169.png\" alt=\"traditional engineering approach\" width=\"599\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-3-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-3-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-3-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-3-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-3-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-3-225x127.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-3-350x197.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-3.png 1920w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-97\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The image above is a visual representation of the &#8220;over-the-wall&#8221; design process, also known as synchronous design.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Concurrent Engineering<\/h3>\n<p>In order to better plan for the attributes of manufacturability, a new approach called concurrent engineering is utilized for DFMA. Concurrent engineering (also known as integrated product development and simultaneous engineering) is a method of manufacturing where different departments are working simultaneously on product development.\u00a0 If the process works as intended, the process is significantly more efficient, reducing time and overall costs while improving the quality of the end product (Engineering Product Design, 2023). Below is an example of the different interactions occurring simultaneously. Learn more about the benefits of DFMA by reading the following article: <a href=\"https:\/\/skill-lync.com\/blogs\/technical-blogs\/design-understanding-design-for-manufacturing-assembly-dfma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Understanding DFMA<\/a><\/p>\n<p>For concurrent engineering to be effective, increased departmental collaboration and communication must occur early and often in the design process. This can be challenging, as many engineers prefer to design independently and meetings can be both challenging to schedule and also time intensive.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_69\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-69\" style=\"width: 618px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img class=\"wp-image-69\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-1-300x169.png\" alt=\"concurrent engineering interactions\" width=\"618\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-1-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-1-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-1-225x127.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-1-350x197.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation-1.png 1920w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-69\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Concurrent engineering interactions (Adapted from Engineering Product Design, 2023)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>However, even though concurrent engineering increases the time spent in the planning phases, it dramatically decreases the overall time for full speed production. This happens by greatly reducing the need for engineering changes, rework, and long-term manufacturing process changes and delays due to designs whih were not effectively planned for manufacturability.<\/p>\n<p>Here is an example, comparing traditional and DFMA sequences (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/335338914_High-Rise_and_DfMA_Construction_Implications_of_'Flat-Pack'_Plumbing_Systems\">from Vaz-Serra &amp; Marfella (2019)<\/a>)<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 145px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px\">\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 10px\">Step<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 10px\">Traditional Assembly Sequence<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 10px\">DFMA Sequence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Drywall marking and installation of metal tracks (top, bottom, vertical).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Drywall marking and installation of metal tracks (top, bottom, vertical).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Plumbing trade to arrive on-site and mark noggins.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Plumbing trade installs the flat wall.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Drywall trade to install noggins.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Drywall trade to finish the wall installation with plasterboard, tiling, and painting.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\">Plumbing trade to install final fittings on the wall.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Plumbing trade to install pipes and support for fittings.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%;height: 15px\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%;height: 15px\">Drywall trade to finish the wall with plasterboard, tiling, and painting.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%\">Inform the supervisor.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 3.81916%\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.8177%\">Plumbing trade to install final fittings on the wall.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.363%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure id=\"attachment_103\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-103\" style=\"width: 1087px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img class=\"wp-image-103\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation2-1-e1687532987434-300x101.png\" alt=\"A comparison of time requirements between traditional, prefabricated, and DFMA improved methods of construction of plumbing high rise wet areas.\" width=\"1087\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation2-1-e1687532987434-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation2-1-e1687532987434-1024x346.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation2-1-e1687532987434-768x259.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation2-1-e1687532987434-1536x519.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation2-1-e1687532987434-65x22.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation2-1-e1687532987434-225x76.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation2-1-e1687532987434-350x118.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation2-1-e1687532987434.png 1732w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-103\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A comparison of time requirements between traditional, prefabricated, and DFMA improved methods of construction of plumbing high rise wet areas (from Vaz-Serra and Marfello, 2019).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_78\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-78\" style=\"width: 832px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img class=\"wp-image-78\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation1-1-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"832\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation1-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation1-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation1-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation1-1-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation1-1-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation1-1-225x127.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation1-1-350x197.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/designmanufactureassembly\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/53\/2023\/04\/sandbox-presentation1-1.png 1920w\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-78\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Best practices for concurrent engineering<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div id=\"h5p-15\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-15\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"15\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 3a\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-6\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-6\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"6\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Traditional vs concurrent engineering\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>Divyakumar, P. (2021). <em>Case study on concurrent engineering vs traditional engineering <\/em>[Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1WKEu0GxcYo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1WKEu0GxcYo<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Farris, J. (n.d.). <em>Over the wall engineering. <\/em>Retrieved on May 8, 2023 from <a href=\"https:\/\/npdbook.com\/introduction-to-stage-gate-method\/the-era-of-specialization-and-over-the-wall-design\/\">https:\/\/npdbook.com\/introduction-to-stage-gate-method\/the-era-of-specialization-and-over-the-wall-design\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hegedic, M., Stefanic, N., Niksic, M. (2018). 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