{"id":942,"date":"2025-07-30T00:06:39","date_gmt":"2025-07-30T00:06:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/?post_type=back-matter&p=942"},"modified":"2026-04-07T19:46:30","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T19:46:30","slug":"attributions","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/back-matter\/attributions\/","title":{"raw":"Attributions","rendered":"Attributions"},"content":{"raw":"

Chapter 1<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 1.1 - Clay model of a sheep's liver, Babylonian Temple School \u00a9 Wellcome Images,Wellcome Images Library, London<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.2 - The Edwin Smith Papyrus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Edited by Jeff Dahl is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.3 \u2013 Huang di nei jing su wen<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Bing Wang, 1115, Library of Congress is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.4 \u2013 Susrutea-Samhita, 12-13th Century<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Los Angeles County Museum of Art is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.5 \u2013 L0020565 Galen, Opera omnia, dissection of a pig.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.6 \u2013 Photograph of statue of Ibn Al Nafis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Takrouri & Khalaf 2003 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.7 \u2013 L0031072 A. Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica libri septum<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.8 \u2013 L\u2019Histoire de la nature des oyseaux, Belon, 1555<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Gallica Digital Library and is available under the digital ID btv1b8608302w\/f74 is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.9 \u2013 Elementorum myologiae specimen, Neils Steensen, 1667<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Available in the BEIC digital library and uploaded in partnership with BEIC Foundation. is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.10 \u2013 Ear, wax model, Anna Morandi Manzolini<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Photo taken by Warburg. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.11 \u2013 V0018739 William Hunter: his home and anatomy school, London<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.12 \u2013 Illustration of resurrectionists at work, accompanying the story of John Holmes and Peter Williams, whipped for stealing dead bodies., Habolt Knight Browne, 1887.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/chroniclesofcri01pelh#page\/n317\/mode\/2up is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.13 \u2013 Histore naturelle, vol. 10, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon, 1763<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Part of Biblioteca Europea di Informazione e Cultura is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.14 \u2013 Lamarckian evolution, 2009, Solarist.<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.15 \u2013 Plate 73, \u201cLe r\u00e8gne animal distribu\u00e9 d\u2019apr\u00e8s son organisation\u201d , Georges Cuvier, vol. 8, second edition, 1828.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Georges Cuvier, vol. 8, second edition, 1828. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.16 \u2013 Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax 2e is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 1.17 \u2013 Drawing of skull<\/a> \u00a9 Thomas Henry HuxleyCharles Joseph Singer is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 2<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 2.1 - A general phylogenetic (evolutionary) tree of animals \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.2 \u2013 Figure 29.3 Chordate features. In chordates, four common features appear at some point during development: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. The endostyle is embedded in the floor of the pharynx.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Biology 2e is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.3 - Anatomical directions and planes of section on a kangaroo<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jmerritt at English Wikipedia is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.4 \u2013 Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Blausen.com staff, WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2) is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.5 \u2013 Regions of the Human Body<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Biology 2e is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.6 - A generalized tree of the vertebrates with tree anatomy labeled \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.7 - Protostome deueterostome development<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Yassine Mrabet is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.8 \u2013 Echinoderm diversity<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.9 - Echinoderm larva<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Bruno C. Vellutini is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.10 \u2013 Pterobranchia representatives \u00a9 https:\/\/collections.nmnh.si.edu\/search\/iz\/?ark=ark:\/65665\/3db6c2545c10b444189b382fd11ec9e96<\/a> AND Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (11th ed.), v. 22, 1911, \u201cPterobranchia,\u201d fig. 1, p. 614. is licensed under a CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.11 - Enteropneusts<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Spengel, Johann Wilhelm (1893) Die Enteropneusten des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte Berlin : Verlag von R. Friedl\u00e4nder & Sohn is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.12 \u2013 Dorsoventral Patterning in Hemichordates: Insights into Early Chordate Evolution.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Lowe CJ, Terasaki M, Wu M, Freeman RM Jr, Runft L, et al is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.13 \u2013 Larval Forms<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (11th ed.), v. 16, 1911, \u201cLarval Forms,\u201d p. 226, fig. 5. AND Bruno C. Vellutini\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.14 \u2013 Chordate Diversity<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 User:Biopics User:Nhobgood User:Albert kok User:Fir0002 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.15 - Urochordate Diversity<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Rickard Zerpe AND Lars Plougmann from London, United Kingdom is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.16 - Tunicate Anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.17 - Cephalochordate anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Systematicist AND Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Vol. 1, Page 887 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.18 - Chordata and Ambulacraria phylogeny \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 2.19 - Early Vertebrates<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Degan Shu, Northwest University, Xi'an, China is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 3<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 3.1 - Neural Crest<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NikNaks is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.2 \u2013 The cranial sensory nervous system: specification of sensory progenitors and placodes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Streit, A., (December 15, 2008), StemBook, ed. The Stem Cell Research Community, StemBook, doi\/10.3824\/stembook.1.31.1, http:\/\/www.stembook.org<\/a>. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.3 - Embryonic brain top<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Nrets, vector conversion by Surachit is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.4 - Thoracic Vertebra \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.5 \u2013 Hox Genes: Master Regulators of the Animal Bodyplan<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 A.J. Durston is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.6 - Phylogenetic Tree of the Vertebrata \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.7 - Eptatretus deani<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 1906 is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.8 - Petromyzon marinus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Fernando Losada Rodr\u00edguez is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.9 - Hagfish knot<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 JLplusAL is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.10 \u2013 Hagfish Slime as a Defense Mechanism against Gill-breathing Predators<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Zintzen, Vincent, Clive D. Roberts, Marti J. Anderson, Andrew L. Stewart, Carl D. Struthers, and Euan S. Harvey. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.11 - Tiszai ingola balinon<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Zsoldos M\u00e1rton is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.12 - The geological time scale for the Phanerozoic Eon \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.13 - Geologic Clock with events and periods<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"Woudloper Derivative work: Hardwigg is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.14 - Conodonta<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Magdal\u00e9na Kostkov\u00e1 is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.15 - Iowagnathus grandus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Derek E.G. Briggs; Huaibao P. Liu; Robert M. McKay; Brian J. Witzke is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.16 - Hindeodus elements<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Muhui Zhang, Haishui Jiang, Mark A. Purnell, Xulong Lai is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.17 - Fossil Fish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jon Houseman is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.18 - Dunkleosteus Sannoble<\/a> \u00a9 Mitternacht90 is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.19 - Dunkleosteus terrelli size<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 PaleoNeolitic is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.20 - Bothriolepis canadensis based on 2014 reconstruction<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Paleobiome is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.21 - Chondrichtyes composite \u00a9 Albert kok, Columbus zoo is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.22 - Extinct chondrichthyes\u00a0\u00a9 G\u00e9ry PARENT<\/a>, James St. John<\/a>, Stanton F. Fink<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.23 - Chondrichthyes cartilage structure<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Seidel, R., Jayasankar, A.K., Dean, M.N. (2020): The multiscale architecture of tessellated cartilage and its relation to function. Jornal of Fish Biology (DOI: 10.1111\/jfb.14444) is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.24 - Diplacanthus striatus fossil fish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 James St. John is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.25 - Acanthodi NT<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Nobu Tamura Email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.26 - Actinopts<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 MathKnight made the composite figure is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.27 - Epinephelus merra JNC3054 Pectoral fin on white background<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jean-Lou Justine is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.28 - Polypterus senegalus (male and female)<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 TVRGolf is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.29 - Paddlefish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.30 - Amia calva<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Stan Shebs is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.31 - Micropterus salmoides captown<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Nervurax Fishing is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.32 - Toothed Oral and Pharyngeal Jaws<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Gareth J Fraser is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.33 - Coelocanth drawing<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 No machine-readable author provided. Bogdan assumed (based on copyright claims). is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.34 - Sarcopterygii<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"User:ArthurWeasley User:Bruce A.S.Henderson User:Mitch Ames User:DiBgd\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.35 - Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer and Coelacanth<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 A Christmas Story: 22 December 1938. The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.36 - Marbled lungfish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 http:\/\/opencage.info\/pics.e\/large_11454.asp is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.37 - Tiktaalik Chicago<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Eduard Sol\u00e0 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.38 - Tiktaalik roseae life restor<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.39 - A phylogenetic tree of the Tetrapodomorpha \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.40 - Simplified phylogeny spanning the fish\u2013tetrapod transition<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Per E. AHLBERG is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.41 - Temnospondyl skulls\u00a0\u00a9 Daderot<\/a> and Em\u0151ke D\u00e9nes<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.42 - The temnospondyl Eryops<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Camelops is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.43 - Diplocaulus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Camelops is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.44 - Brachydectes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Smokeybjb is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.45 - Amphibians<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"http:\/\/calphotos.berkeley.edu<\/a> Author Franco Andreone - see author; https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/102423969ization<\/a>; AND LiquidGhoul\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.46 - Reconstructions of nonamniote reptilomorphs: Archeria2DB<\/a> and <\/span>Seymouria2 <\/span><\/a>\u00a9 Dmitry Bogdanov is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.47 - Dimetrodon skull lateral<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Smokeybjb is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.48 - Various pelycosaurs\u00a0\u00a9 Nobu Tamura<\/a> (http:\/\/spinops.blogspot.com) AND Jonathan Chen<\/a> AND DiBgd<\/a> AND Smokeybjb<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.49 - Therapsida<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Prehistoricplanes is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.50 - Scymnognathus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Eden, Janine and Jim (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/edenpictures\/42384543145\/<\/a>) is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.51 - Cynodont<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Lutz Benseler is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.52 - Monotreme collage<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ypna is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.53 - Marsupialia<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 LittleJerry is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.54 - Placental Mammals 2021 Montage<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 The0Quester is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.55 - Parareptilia\u00a0\u00a9 \"Jonathan Chen<\/a> AND Dmitry Bogdanov<\/a> wikidata:Q39957193 AND Nobu Tamura<\/a> (http:\/\/spinops.blogspot.com)\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.56 - Rhynchocephalia\u00a0\u00a9 Tiouraren<\/a> (Y.-C. Tsai) AND KeresH<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.57 - Squamata<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"File:Anelytropsis papillosus, Mexican Blind Lizard, Tamaulipas.jpg: William L. Farr File:Uroplatus fimbriatus (3).jpg: TimVickers File:BennyTrapp Chamaeleo chamaeleon Samos Griechenland.jpg: Benny Trapp File:Lacerta agilis male 2.JPG: Christoph Caina File:White-throated Monitor (Varanus albigularis) looking for food ... (30427772662).jpg: Bernard DUPONT from FRANCE File:2017.07.17.-17-Tiefer See oder Grubensee-Storkow (Mark)--Ringelnatter.jpg: Andreas Eichler File:Euspondylus chasqui, male.jpg: Germ\u00e1n Ch\u00e1vez, Karen Siu-Ting, Vilma Duran, Pablo J. Venegas File:Amphisbaena alba03.jpg: Diogo B. Provete File:Blue-toungued skink444.jpg: Benjamint444\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.58 - The skeleton and a reconstruction of the mosasaur Halisaurus\u00a0\u00a9 \"Source Ybmos_1b Uploaded by FunkMonk Author Greg Goebel<\/a> from Loveland CO, USA AND Nobu Tamura<\/a> (http:\/\/spinops.blogspot.com)\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.59 - Extant Testudines<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"File:Rotbauchspitzkopfschildkroete-07.jpg File:Indian flapshell turtle with Spots visible 03.jpg File:Galapagos giant tortoise Geochelone elephantopus.jpg File:Hawksbill Turtle.jpg\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.60 - Turtle anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"English: Comparative zoology, structural and systematic : for use in schools and colleges 1883, New York : Harper & Bros.\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.61 - Archosauria<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 MathKnight is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.62 - Archosaur skull<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jcwf is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.63 - Phylogenetic framework<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"Lee et al. 2020. Evolutionary and ontogenetic changes of the anatomical organization and modularity in the skull of archosaurs. Scientific Reports :16138 |\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.64 - Various pseudosuchians\u00a0\u00a9 \"Postosuchus kirkpatricki Uploaded by FunkMonk<\/a> AND Saurosuchus_BW.jpg: ArthurWeasley aweasley@hotmail.com Two Gharials.jpg: Harsha K R from Bangalore, India Angistorhinus_BW.jpg (only included in 1st version, April 2009): Nobu Tamura Longosuchus_BW.jpg: ArthurWeasley aweasley@hotmail.com Chenanisuchus_BW.jpg: ArthurWeasley Dakosaurus2.jpg: Dmitry Bogdanov Litargosuchus leptorhynchus.jpg: Smokeybjb derivative work: Matt Martyniuk (talk)<\/a> \" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.65 - A typical crurotarsal ankle found in Pseudosuchia and a typical mesotarsal ankle found in Avemetatarsalia<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.66 - Examples of Pterosauria\u00a0\u00a9 \"Dmitry Bogdanov wikidata:Q39957193<\/a> AND Tim Evanson<\/a> AND Armin Reindl<\/a> AND Slate Weasel<\/a>\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.67 - Dinosaur hip structure. Saurischia pelvis structure<\/a> AND <\/span>Ornithischia pelvis structure <\/span><\/a>\u00a9 Fred the Oyster is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.68 - Ornithischia montage<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"Heterodontosaurus_tucki_cast_-_University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology_-_Berkeley,_CA_-_DSC04696.JPG Nipponosaurus.jpg Stegosaurus_ungulatus.jpg Borealopelta_Royal_Tyrrell_2.jpg Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_Stegoceras.jpg Triceratops_Specimen_at_the_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_v01.jpg Author User:Daderot [1] [2] User:Etemenaki3 [3] User:Agsftw\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.69 - Sauropodomorpha<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"Fanboyphilosopher (File:Eoraptor Deep Time.jpg) FunkMonk (File:Plateosaurus Skelett 2.jpg) Ad Meskens (File:Brontosaurus Yale Peabody cropped.jpg) Ghedoghedo (File:Europasaurus holgeri.jpg) James St. John (File:Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis Field Museum.jpg) Kabacchi (File:Nigersaurus mount.jpg) William Irvin Sellers, Lee Margetts, Rodolfo An\u00edbal Coria, Phillip Lars Manning (File:Argentinosaurus skeleton, PLoS ONE.png) ScottRobertAnselmo (File:CM Diplodocus.jpg) AStrangerintheAlps (File:FMNH Brachiosaurus.JPG)\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.70 - Theropod dinosaurs \u00a9 \"This file was derived from: Allosaurus_SDNHM.jpg: Sheep81<\/a> AND Jens Lallensack<\/a> AND Dinoguy2<\/a> \" is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.71 - Three equally plausible phylogenetic trees \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.72 - Examples of paravian dinosaurs \u00a9 James St. John, Ohio State University, Newark<\/a> AND NobuTamura http:\/\/paleoexhibit.blogspot.com\/ http:\/\/spinops.blogspot.com\/<\/a> AND Emily Willoughby (emily.a.willoughby@gmail.com)<\/a> is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.73 - Birds and fossils\u00a0\u00a9 James St. John, Ohio State University, Newark<\/a> AND NobuTamura http:\/\/paleoexhibit.blogspot.com\/ http:\/\/spinops.blogspot.com\/<\/a> AND Emily Willoughby (emily.a.willoughby@gmail.com)<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.74 - Bird Diversity 2013<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 \"ade from the following Wikimedia free images (some cropped and\/or rotated): Row 1 (left to right) Red-crested Turaco RWD.jpg \u2014 Red-crested Turaco (Tauraco erythrolophus) Balaeniceps rex - Weltvogelpark Walsrode 09-2010 2.jpg \u2014 Shoebill (Balaeniceps rex) Phaethon lepturus (Warwick, Bermuda).jpg \u2014 White-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus) Row 2 Haliaeetus pelagicus (Rausu, Japan).jpg \u2014 Steller's Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) Balearica regulorum (Tarime, Tanzania).jpg \u2014 Grey Crowned Crane (Balearica regulorum) Pavo cristatus -Castellar Zoo, Castellar de la Frontera, Spain-8a.png \u2014 Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Row 3 File:Rock dove - natures pics.jpg \u2014 Rock Dove(Columba livia) Calypte anna -San Luis Obispo, California, USA -male -flying-8.jpg \u2014 Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna) Puffin Latrabjarg Iceland.jpg \u2014 Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica) Row 4 Casuarius casuarius (Carmoo QLD, Australia).jpg \u2014 Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) Trichoglossus haematodus (Melbourne, Australia).jpg \u2014 Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) Caribbean flamingo at slimbridge arp.jpg \u2014 American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) Row 5 Antarctic, gentoo penguin (js) 16.jpg \u2014 Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) Ardea cinerea 1.JPG \u2014 Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) Sula nebouxii -Santa Cruz, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador-8 (2).jpg \u2014 Blue-footed Booby (Sula nebouxii) Row 6 Minla strigula - Doi Inthanon.jpg \u2014 Bar-throated Minla (Minla strigula) Eurasian Eagle-Owl RWD.jpg \u2014 Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Bubo bubo) Keel-billed toucan woodland.jpg \u2014 Keel-billed Toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus)\" is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 3.75 - Aepyornis and Dromornis stirtoni \u00a9 Kevmin<\/a> AND Museon, Den Haag<\/a> is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 4<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 4.1 - Final stem cell differentiation (1)<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Haileyfournier is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.2 - Auge Entwicklung<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 P. Stanka is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.3 - Deer sperm<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ros-Santaella JL, Pintus E, Garde JJ. 2015. Intramale variation in sperm size: functional significance in a polygynous mammal. PeerJ 3:e1478 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.4 - Macrolecithal zebrafish embryo and Human oocyte<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Swinburne et al., 2011, PLoS ONE is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.5 - Ovocyte II<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Samuel J. Holmes; Kuroda et al.; Zachary Wilson; NinaSes; Swift D; Hill, M.A. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.6 - Diagram of Blastocyst stage<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Zachary Wilson \/ CK-12 Foundation<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.7 - Gastrulation in a chicken embryo<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Serrano N\u00e1jera G, Weijer CJ. The evolution of gastrulation morphologies. Development. 2023 Apr 1;150(7):dev200885. doi: 10.1242\/dev.200885. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.8 - Derivatives of the mammalian inner cell mass<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Shparberg RA, Glover HJ and Morris MB (2019) Modeling Mammalian Commitment to the Neural Lineage Using Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells. Front. Physiol. 10:705. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2019.00705 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.9 - Neural crest<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NikNaks is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.10 - Mesoderm regions and their major derivatives<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Tani, S., Chung, Ui., Ohba, S. et al. Understanding paraxial mesoderm development and sclerotome specification for skeletal repair. Exp Mol Med 52, 1166\u20131177 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-020-0482-1 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.11 - Microscopy views<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Hester SD, Belmonte JM, Gens JS, Clendenon SG, Glazier JA (2011) A Multi-cell, Multi-scale Model of Vertebrate Segmentation and Somite Formation. PLoS Comput Biol 7(10): e1002155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002155 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.12 - Diagram of mouse embryo<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Thawani A and Groves AK (2020) Building the Border: Development of the Chordate Neural Plate Border Region and Its Derivatives. Front. Physiol. 11:608880. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2020.608880 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.13 - Embryonic brain<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Nrets, vector conversion by Surachit is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.14 - Neural tube signaling<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Thawani A and Groves AK (2020) Building the Border: Development of the Chordate Neural Plate Border Region and Its Derivatives. Front. Physiol. 11:608880. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2020.608880 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.15 - Chem. Synapse scheme<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.16 - Hox genes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Durston, A. J. (2012). Hox Genes: Master Regulators of the Animal Bodyplan. InTech. doi: 10.5772\/37007 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.17 - Hox in rhombomeres<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Trainor, Paul A., Making Headway: The Roles of Hox Genes and Neural Crest Cells in Craniofacial Development, The Scientific World Journal, 3, 967108, 25 pages, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1100\/tsw.2003.11 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.18 - Stylopod-zygopod-autopod<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Peteruetz is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.19 - Limb bud diagram<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sisi Chen is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.20 - Gene expression bat wing<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Zebra.element is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.21 - Webbed feet phylogeny<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Tokita, M., Matsushita, H. & Asakura, Y. Developmental mechanisms underlying webbed foot morphological diversity in waterbirds. Sci Rep 10, 8028 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-64786-8 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 4.22 - Organizer experiment<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 VAN Robays J. Hilde Mangold-Pr\u00f6scholdt (1898 - 1924): The Spemann-Mangold Organizer. Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 2016 Mar 28;8(1):63-68. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 5<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 5.1 - Biomaterials \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.2 - Units \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.3 - Forces \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.4 - Scaling \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.5 - Surface area to volume ratios in the wild\u00a0\u00a9 Denali National Park and Reserve<\/a>; Joshua Tree National Park<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.6 - Monsters \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.7 - Stress-Strain \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.8 - Lever systems \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.9 - Loading regimes \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.10 - Stress-strain \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.11 - Drag \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.12 - Lift \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.13 - Posture \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.14 - Form-function \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 5.15 - Feeding morphology \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 6<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 6.1 - Integument Derivatives\u00a0\u00a9 European Brown Bear, Francis Franklin<\/a>; Goldfish scales, Maky Orel<\/a>; Flaco, David Barrett<\/a>; Moose, Ryan Hagerty<\/a>; Komodo dragon claws, Charles Sharp<\/a> is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.2 - Human 01<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Laboratoires Servier is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.3 \u2013 Shark collagen \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.4 - Dunkleosteus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Engelman, R.K. A (2023). Devonian Fish Tale: A New Method of Body Length Estimation Suggests Much Smaller Sizes for Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira). Diversity 2023, 15, 318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/d15030318 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.5 - Denticles<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Viana STFL, Carvalho MR (2020) Squalus shiraii sp. nov. (Squaliformes, Squalidae), a new species of dogfish shark from Japan with regional nominal species revisited. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 275-311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zse.96.51962<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.6 - Fish scales<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Alter welt is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.7 - Reef fish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia User Julia Sumangil is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.8 - Toad and poison dart frog\u00a0\u00a9 Froggydarb<\/a>; Cliff<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.9 - Gila monster\u00a0\u00a9 H. Van der Ploeg<\/a>; Ryan Somma<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.10 - Feathers<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia User Anaxibia is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.11 - Seal whiskers<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Des Colhoun is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 6.12 - Melanoma<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 National Cancer Institute (AV Number: AV-8500-3850; Date Created: 1985 is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 7<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 7.1 - Human skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 7.2 - Bone Cells<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 7.3 - Hyaline cartilage \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 7.4 \u2013 Elastic cartilage<\/a> and fibrocartilage<\/a> \u00a9 Berkshire Community College Biodiversity Library is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 7.5 - Human femur<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 7.6 \u2013 intramembranous ossification<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 7.7 \u2013 Endochondral ossification<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 8<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 8.1 - Picture of dog skull<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wagner Souza e Silva \/ Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.2 - Human skull diagram<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.3 - Human skull diagram lateral view<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a> license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.4 -Shark Skull with Arches \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.5 - Dermatocranium<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Woronowicz, K.C., Schneider, R.A. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.6 - Ventral view of crania building on top of each other<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Internet Archive Book Images<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.7 - Skull of the spiny dogfish \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.8 - Skull of the bowfin \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.9 - Skull of the largemouth bass \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.10 - Skull of Tiktaalik \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.11 - Skulls of amphibians \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.12 - Evolutionary changes of cranial bones \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.13 - Skulls of nonavian reptiles \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.14 - Gosling + Other bird skulls \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.15 - Dimetrodon<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Smokeybjb is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.16 - Representative Skulls of Living Mammals \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.17 - The Evolution of the Hard Palate in Mammals \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.18 - Theories of Jaw Evolution\u00a0\u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.19 - Jaw suspension\u00a0\u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.20 - Jaw articulation \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.21 - Evolution of the Jaw Joint and Middle Ear Bones in Mammals \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.22 - Development of Teeth from Early Embryonic Stages \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.23 - Representative Tooth Shapes in Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.24 - 3D Medical Animation Still Showing Types of Teeth<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Scientific Animations is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.25 - Examples of Modified Teeth (Tusks) in Mammals \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.26 - Carnassial Teeth \u00a9 Cbrookes92 is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.27 - Tooth Shapes and Styles \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.28 - Hypsodont and Brachydont Teeth \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.29 - Styles of Tooth Attachment to the Jaws \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.30 - Heterodonty and Homodonty \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 8.31 - Movements of the Skull Bones During Suction Feeding in Largemouth Bass \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 9<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 9.1 - Skeleton differences<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.2 - Generalized vertebrae<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.3 - Fish transverse section is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.4 - Salamender Skeleton is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.5 - Lizard Skeleton<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.6 - Lizard Neck is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.7 - Turtle Skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 RaviSarma is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.8 - Parrot Skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Augsburg Nature Museum, Tiia Monto is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.9 - Ostrich Skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.10 - Limpkin Ribs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 REM is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.11 - Human Ribs and Sternum<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.12 - Amphioxus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.13 - Fish vertebrae \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.14 - Modified human atlas<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.15 - Frog Skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Lambert et al 2017: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zse.93.10188 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.16 - Snake-necked turtle<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Marijan Tunjic is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.17 - Turtle skeleton \u00a9 Kelsey Murdock is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.18 - Bird skeletons<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Christian Heinrich Pander and Eduard d\u2019 Alton is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.19 - Bird skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jrockley is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.20 - Human vertebral column<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.21 - Giraffe and blue whale vertbrae \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.22 - Cheetah gallop<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Dennis Donohue is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 9.23 - Human herniated disc<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 SMART-Servier Medical Art, part of Laboratoires Servier. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 10<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 10.1 - Skeleton differences<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.2 - Fin-fold vs. Gill-arch theory \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.3 - Fin structure \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.4 - ancestral relative position of the pelvis to the vertebral column \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.5 - pectoral girdle structure \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.6 - fin vs limb structure \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.7 - fin vs limb developmental axis \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.8 - three early tetrapods is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.9 - early tetrapod pectoral and pelvic girdles \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.10 - girdle attachment \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.11 - dog pelvis<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.12 - human pelvis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 U.S. National Cancer Institute, Fred the Oyster is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.13 - armadillo arm \u00a9 David Stang is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.14 - astragalus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 BodyParts3D is made by DBCLS is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.15 - ichthyosaur paddle<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Samuel Wendell Williston is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.16 - wings<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 John Romanes is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.17 - bird skeleton \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.18 - synapsid vs mammal pectoral girdle \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.19 - human scapula<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.20 - human femur<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Anatomography is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.21 - human forearm<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 10.22 - human knee<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 11<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 11.1 - muscle tissue types \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 11.2 - myocyte \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 11.3 - sarcomere and filaments<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 11.4 - cusk eel<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 11.5 - sarcomere contraction<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 11.6 - cusk eel<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NOAA via @DeepSeaImage. is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 11.7 - NMJ<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 11.8 - antagonist muscles \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 11.9 - fused vs unfused tetanus \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 11.10 - length tension relationship<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Daniel Walsh and Alan Sved; Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 11.11 - muscle fiber types<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 12<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 12.1 - muscle organization<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 12.2 - tendon anatomy \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 12.3 - origin vs insertion \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 12.4 - muscle shapes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 12.5 - shark vs. human extraocculars \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 12.6 - jaw closing muscles \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 12.7 - body wall layers \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 12.8 - human musculature<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 12.9 - human muscular anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 12.10 - piriformis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 John Kiel,\u2009Chris Hauglid<\/p>\r\n

Figure 12.11 - iliopsoas<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 13<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 13.1 - Vertebreate gut \u00a9 Donovan P. German is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 13.2 - Mammalian stomach \u00a9 Stevens CE, Hume ID<\/p>\r\n

Figure 13.3 - Intestine<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NIH \/ National Cancer Institute is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 13.4 - Anatomy of Intestine \u00a9 Donovan P. German is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 13.5 - Digestive system of fish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 13.6 - Principle nutrients \u00a9 Donovan P. German is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 13.7 - Nominal surface area of small intestines<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Caviedes-Vidal, E, et. al (Non-commercial use permitted per https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0405514101)<\/p>\r\n

Figure 13.8 - Synteny maps \u00a9 Donovan P. German is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 14<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 14.1 - Diffusion animation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jacopo Bertolotti is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.2 - Scaling relationship \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.3 - Basic respiratory anatomy \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.4 - Ventilation pump mechanisms<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Samuel Garman is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.5 - frog skin folds \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.6 - Lung budding development<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.7 - Salamander egg mass<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Alpinetrout is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.8 - Embryos<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ross, C. and Boroviak, T.E is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.9 - Respiration phylogeny \u00a9 Levi; Ph\u1ea1m Thanh L\u1ed9c; sachin modgekar; Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.10 - Respiration diversity and ecology \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.11 - Gill anatomy \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.12 - lung anatomy \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.13 - 2- and 4-stroke breaths \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.14 - Lung chambers \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.15 - crocodile diaphragmaticus \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.16 - bird ventilation \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.17 - Human lungs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Uwe Gille is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.18 - mammal ventilation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.19 - human lung branching<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.20 - intrapleural space<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.21 - human lung capacities<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Laboratoires Servier is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.22 - Branching pattern<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.23 - Human lungs and pleural cavity<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.24<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Johnson, A.E.W., Pollard, T.J., Berkowitz, S.J. et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.25 - Chest X-Ray<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 14.26 - Lung volumes and capacities<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 15<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 15.1 - Circulation schematic\u00a0\u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.2 - Artery Structure<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Blausen.com staff is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\nFigure 15.3 - Capillary type<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Elizabeth2424 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license\r\n

Figure 15.4 - Vessel blood pressure\u00a0\u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.5 - Lymphatic capillaries<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 CFCF is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.6 - Lymphatic organs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Blausen.com staff is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.7 - Embryo heart<\/a> \u00a9 Jenson et al. (Reused with permission per https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/about\/policies-and-standards\/copyright<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.8 - Fish circulation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.9 - Pulmonary and systemic circuits<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.10 - Aortic arches<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Tatco V is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.10 - Aortic arches<\/a> \u00a9 Tatco V is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.11\u00a0 - Vert hearts \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.12 - Vert aortic arches \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.13 - Heart cross-sections \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\nFigure 15.14 - Fish breathing schematics \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license\r\n

Figure 15.15 - Lungfish heart \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.16 - Shunting \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\nFigure 15.17 - Amphibian heart<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jon Houseman is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license\r\n

Figure 15.18 - Generalized reptile heart \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.19 - Schematics of bloodflow \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.20 - Crocodile Heart<\/a> \u00a9 LittleJerry is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.21 - Cardiac Architecture \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.22 - Cardian Conduction<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Panara, Virginia, Zuzana Varaliov\u00e1, J\u00f6rg Wilting, Katarzyna Koltowska, and Michael Jeltsch is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.23 - Vertebrate cladogram<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Banda, C.H., Shiraishi, M., Mitsui, K. et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 15.24 - The secondary vascular system (SVS) and lymphatic vascular system (LVS) in ray-finned fishes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 16<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 16.1 - General nephron \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.2 - Bovine kidney capillaries<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wagner Souza e Silva \/ Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.3 - Nephron particualrs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Biology 2e is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.4 - Nephrotome drawing<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1908 is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.5 - Tripartite kidney<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ashley Sawle is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.6 - Hagfish kidney \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.7 - Lamprey life cycle<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Salas CA, Yopak KE, Warrington RE, Hart NS, Potter IC and Collin SP is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.8 - Shark kidney \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.9 - Salmon<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Hans-Petter Fjeld is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.10 - Bull shark<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Pterantula is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.11 - Head kidney \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.12 - Fish osmoreg\u00a0\u00a9 Kare Kare modified by Biezl<\/a> AND Raver, Duane; modified by Biezl<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.13 - Nephrons \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.14 - Frog anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Agha Haseebullah Khan is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.15 - Mammal kidneys<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 L. Keogh; D. Kilroy; S. Bhattacharjee is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.16 - Human kidney<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Open Stax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.17 - Human nephron<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jennifer Lange is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.18 - Dolphin kidney<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sur, Roger L.; Meegan, Jenny M.; Smith, Cynthia R.; Schmitt, Todd; L'Esperance, James; Hendrikson, Dean; Woo, Jason R. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.19 - Snake anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Uwe Gille<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 16.20 - Avian kidney \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 17<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 17.1 - General gonads<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kanamori & Kobayashi. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.2 - Rabbit ovary section<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 J. Bredl, RVC is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivatives)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.3 - Ovary with broad ligament<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Henry Gray is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.4 - Human testis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Openstax Human Anatomy & Physiology is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.5 - Sex differentiation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Original work, adapted from Gilbert SF. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.6 - Oogenesis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Openstax Human Anatomy & Physiology is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.7 - Sperm production<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Openstax Human Anatomy & Physiology is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.8 - Sequenetial hermaphrodism<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Brooke Fitzwater (Bfitzwater) is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.9 - Hagfish eggs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NOAA is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.10 - River lamprey<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kanamori & Kobayashi is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.11 - Generalized vert urogenital<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kanamori & Kobayashi. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.12 - Porbeagle male \u00a9 NOAA is licensed under a Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.13 - Blacktip reef claspers<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 lwolfartist is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.14 - Fish testes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kanamori & Kobayashi is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.15 - Urogential papilla<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Peter van der Sluijs is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.16 - Guppies<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Amy E. Deacon, Hideyasu Shimadzu, Maria Dornelas, Indar W. Ramnarine & Anne E. Magurran is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.17 - Frog gonads<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Maribel M\u00e9ndez-Tepepa, Cuauht\u00e9moc Morales-Cruz, Edelmira Garc\u00eda-Nieto & Arely Anaya-Hern\u00e1ndez is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.18 - Salamander mating<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Roger Culos is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.19 - Amplexus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Fredlyfish4 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.20 - Tailed frog<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Mokele is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.21 - Turtle penis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jollie, Malcolm is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.22 - CT scan hemipenes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Roberts JR, Iova B, Austin CC is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.23 - Rattlesnake hemipenes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Tess Thornton is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.24 - Lizard hemipenes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sharp Photography, sharpphotography is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.25 - Gecko mating<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Basile Morin is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.26 - Mallard penis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Glen Bowman from Newcastle, England is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.27 - Dove mating<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Satdeep Gill is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.28 - Descent of testes<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.29 - Platypus anatomy male<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Esouc32 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.30 - Racoon baculum<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Max Charping is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.31 - shark ovaries<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NOAA is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.32 - Teleost ovary stuff \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.33 - Generalized vert urogenital<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kanamori & Kobayashi. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.34 - Materpiscus fossil<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sularko Museum Victoria Derivative work MagentaGreen is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.35 - Materpiscus reconstruction<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sularko is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.36 - Frog ovaries<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Maribel M\u00e9ndez-Tepepa, Cuauht\u00e9moc Morales-Cruz, Edelmira Garc\u00eda-Nieto & Arely Anaya-Hern\u00e1ndez is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.37 - Salamander eggs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kent Mason\/USFWS is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.38 - Amniotic egg evolution<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ross, C., Boroviak, T.E. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.39 - Clitoris<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Michael Sch\u00fcnke, Erik Schulte, Udo Schumacher is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.40 - Bird oviduct<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Keyanapardilla98 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.41 - bird vaginas<\/a> \u00a9 Patricia L.R. Brennan ,Richard O. Prum,Kevin G. McCracken,Michael D. Sorenson,Robert E. Wilson,Tim R. Birkhead is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.42 - Snake ovary<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Internet Archive Book Images is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.43 - Platypus anatomy male<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Internet Archive Book Images is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.44 - Uteruses<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sciencia58 is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.45 - Mole bits<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Rafael Jim\u00e9nez1, Miguel Burgos1, and Francisco J. Barrionuevo1 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.46 - Spotted hyena<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 flowcomm is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.47 - Spotted hyena reproductive tracts<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Anatomische Gesellschaft is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.48 - Placenta<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.49 - Mammary glands: Mammal with nipples<\/a>; Mammal with teets<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ruth Lawson is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.50 - Human uterus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.51 - Human vulva<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.52 - Human testes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.53 - Human penis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.54 - Birth canal<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Stansfield, E., Fischer, B., Grunstra, N.D.S. et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.55 - Pelvis dimoprhism<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Anatomy & Physiology is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 17.56 - Q angle<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Anatomy & Physiology is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 18<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 18.1 - CNS vs PNS<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.2 - Neuron<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.3 - Brain lobes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.4 - Glial cells<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.5 - Brain development<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.6 - Dogfish and human<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia user Looie496 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.7 - Ventricles<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia user BruceBlaus is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.8 - Meninges<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 www.scientificanimations.com is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.9 - Brain development<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.10 - Spinal cords of four different tetrapod species \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.11 - Transverse sections of the spinal cord \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.12 - Variation of spinal cord structure in an ostrich \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\nFigure 18.13 - Lumbar puncture<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Cancer Research UK is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license\r\n\r\nFigure 18.14 - Eagle<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 White and Yellow Shallow Focus Bird Photography is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license\r\n\r\nFigure 18.15 - Lamprey Brain<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Loonen, Anton JM, and Svetlana A. Ivanova. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license\r\n\r\nFigure 18.16 - Gray and white matter<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license\r\n

Figure 18.17 - Zebrafish brain<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Bloch, Solal, Manon Thomas, Ingrid Colin, Sonya Galant, Elodie Machado, Pierre Affaticati, Arnim Jenett, and Kei Yamamoto. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.18 - Pallium<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia user Looie496 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.19 - Frog brain \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.20 - Alligator brain \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.21 - Wulst<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Graham R. Martin , Kerry-Jayne Wilson, J. Martin Wild, Stuart Parsons, M. Fabiana Kubke, Jeremy Corfield is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.22 - Mouse and human brain<\/a> \u00a9 Lauren N. Miterko, Elizabeth P. Lackey, Elizabeth P. Lackey, Detlef H. Heck, Roy V. Sillitoe is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.23 - Mammal brains<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 University of Wisconsin and Michigan State Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.24 - Brain lobes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.25 - Cortices and association areas<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 18.26 - Homunculus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 19<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 19.1 - Sensory and motor pathways<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikipedia user MartaAguayo is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 19.2 - Autonomic system in humans<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Meredith Pomietlo is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 19.3 - Spinal nerve<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Vectorized in CorelDraw by Mysid on an existing image at en-wiki by Tristanb. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 19.4 - Cervical and brachial plexus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax.org is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 19.5 - Human cranial nerves<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax.org is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 19.6 - Cranial nerve of sharks \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\nFigure 19.7 - Laryngeal nerve \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license\r\n

Chapter 20<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 20.1 - Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NASA is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 20.2 - Primate eye and retina<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 20.3 - Eye structure across vertebrates \u00a9 Brett Aiello, Lauren Simonitis, Kate Criswell, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 20.4 - Slit pupil \u00a9 Brett Aiello, Lauren Simonitis, Kate Criswell, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 20.5 - Development of vertebrate eyes \u00a9 Brett Aiello, Lauren Simonitis, Kate Criswell, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 20.6 - Main olfactory system<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 20.7 - Human tongue papillae<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 20.8 - Vestibular apparatus anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 20.9 - Semicircular canals<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 20.10 - Mammalian auditory system<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 20.11 - Cross-sectional anatomy of the human cochlea<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Chapter 21<\/h2>\r\n

Figure 21.1 - Major endocrine glands \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.2 - Exocrine and endocrine glands \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.3 - Protein versus steroid hormones<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 BorisTM is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.4 - Negative feedback loop<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.5 - Hypothalamus and pituitary gland in a human<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.6 - Tropic hormones from the pituitary gland<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Richard E. Jones, Kristin Lopez., is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a> license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.7 - Two lobes of pituitary gland<\/a> \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.8 - Pigeon crop milk<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ruggero Turra is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.9 - Hypothalamus evolution<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Santiago-Andres, Golan and Fiordelisi is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.10\u00a0 - Pituitary arrangment<\/a> \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.11 - Human pineal gland<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Vasey, McBride, and Penta is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.12 - Parietal eye<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 TheAlphaWolf is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.13 - Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.14 - Human thyroid and parathyroid glands \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.15 - Regulation of blood calcium levels<\/a> \u00a9 Mkaram19 is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\nFigure 21.16 - Pancreatic islets \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license\r\n

Figure 21.17 - Blood glucose regulation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Carogonz11 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.18 - Brockmann body (Figure 2) from Chanet et al. (2023), Scientific Reports<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Chanet, Schnell, Guintard, Chen is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.19 - Adrenal gland sitting on top of kidney showing medulla vs. cortex layers \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.20 - Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA axis) \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.21 - Adrenal glands across Squamata (Figure 1) from Capaldo 2023 Animals<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Capaldo is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.22 - Testes and ovaries \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.23 - Examples of secondary sex characteristics\u00a0\u00a9 Adrian Pingstone<\/a>; Karl Moor<\/a>; Mu\u00f1oz RC, Zgliczynski BJ, Laughlin JL, Teer BZ<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\r\n

Figure 21.24 - Hypothalamic\u2013pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>","rendered":"

Chapter 1<\/h2>\n

Figure 1.1 – Clay model of a sheep’s liver, Babylonian Temple School \u00a9 Wellcome Images,Wellcome Images Library, London<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.2 – The Edwin Smith Papyrus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Edited by Jeff Dahl is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.3 \u2013 Huang di nei jing su wen<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Bing Wang, 1115, Library of Congress is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.4 \u2013 Susrutea-Samhita, 12-13th Century<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Los Angeles County Museum of Art is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.5 \u2013 L0020565 Galen, Opera omnia, dissection of a pig.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.6 \u2013 Photograph of statue of Ibn Al Nafis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Takrouri & Khalaf 2003 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.7 \u2013 L0031072 A. Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica libri septum<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.8 \u2013 L\u2019Histoire de la nature des oyseaux, Belon, 1555<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Gallica Digital Library and is available under the digital ID btv1b8608302w\/f74 is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.9 \u2013 Elementorum myologiae specimen, Neils Steensen, 1667<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Available in the BEIC digital library and uploaded in partnership with BEIC Foundation. is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.10 \u2013 Ear, wax model, Anna Morandi Manzolini<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Photo taken by Warburg. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.11 \u2013 V0018739 William Hunter: his home and anatomy school, London<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.12 \u2013 Illustration of resurrectionists at work, accompanying the story of John Holmes and Peter Williams, whipped for stealing dead bodies., Habolt Knight Browne, 1887.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/chroniclesofcri01pelh#page\/n317\/mode\/2up is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.13 \u2013 Histore naturelle, vol. 10, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon, 1763<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Part of Biblioteca Europea di Informazione e Cultura is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.14 \u2013 Lamarckian evolution, 2009, Solarist.<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.15 \u2013 Plate 73, \u201cLe r\u00e8gne animal distribu\u00e9 d\u2019apr\u00e8s son organisation\u201d , Georges Cuvier, vol. 8, second edition, 1828.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Georges Cuvier, vol. 8, second edition, 1828. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.16 \u2013 Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax 2e is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 1.17 \u2013 Drawing of skull<\/a> \u00a9 Thomas Henry HuxleyCharles Joseph Singer is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 2<\/h2>\n

Figure 2.1 – A general phylogenetic (evolutionary) tree of animals \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.2 \u2013 Figure 29.3 Chordate features. In chordates, four common features appear at some point during development: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. The endostyle is embedded in the floor of the pharynx.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Biology 2e is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.3 – Anatomical directions and planes of section on a kangaroo<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jmerritt at English Wikipedia is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.4 \u2013 Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Blausen.com staff, WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2) is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.5 \u2013 Regions of the Human Body<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Biology 2e is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.6 – A generalized tree of the vertebrates with tree anatomy labeled \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.7 – Protostome deueterostome development<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Yassine Mrabet is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.8 \u2013 Echinoderm diversity<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.9 – Echinoderm larva<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Bruno C. Vellutini is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.10 \u2013 Pterobranchia representatives \u00a9 https:\/\/collections.nmnh.si.edu\/search\/iz\/?ark=ark:\/65665\/3db6c2545c10b444189b382fd11ec9e96<\/a> AND Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (11th ed.), v. 22, 1911, \u201cPterobranchia,\u201d fig. 1, p. 614. is licensed under a CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.11 – Enteropneusts<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Spengel, Johann Wilhelm (1893) Die Enteropneusten des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte Berlin : Verlag von R. Friedl\u00e4nder & Sohn is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.12 \u2013 Dorsoventral Patterning in Hemichordates: Insights into Early Chordate Evolution.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Lowe CJ, Terasaki M, Wu M, Freeman RM Jr, Runft L, et al is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.13 \u2013 Larval Forms<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (11th ed.), v. 16, 1911, \u201cLarval Forms,\u201d p. 226, fig. 5. AND Bruno C. Vellutini” is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.14 \u2013 Chordate Diversity<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 User:Biopics User:Nhobgood User:Albert kok User:Fir0002 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.15 – Urochordate Diversity<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Rickard Zerpe AND Lars Plougmann from London, United Kingdom is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.16 – Tunicate Anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.17 – Cephalochordate anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Systematicist AND Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Vol. 1, Page 887 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.18 – Chordata and Ambulacraria phylogeny \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 2.19 – Early Vertebrates<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Degan Shu, Northwest University, Xi’an, China is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 3<\/h2>\n

Figure 3.1 – Neural Crest<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NikNaks is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.2 \u2013 The cranial sensory nervous system: specification of sensory progenitors and placodes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Streit, A., (December 15, 2008), StemBook, ed. The Stem Cell Research Community, StemBook, doi\/10.3824\/stembook.1.31.1, http:\/\/www.stembook.org<\/a>. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.3 – Embryonic brain top<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Nrets, vector conversion by Surachit is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.4 – Thoracic Vertebra \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.5 \u2013 Hox Genes: Master Regulators of the Animal Bodyplan<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 A.J. Durston is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.6 – Phylogenetic Tree of the Vertebrata \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.7 – Eptatretus deani<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 1906 is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.8 – Petromyzon marinus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Fernando Losada Rodr\u00edguez is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.9 – Hagfish knot<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 JLplusAL is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.10 \u2013 Hagfish Slime as a Defense Mechanism against Gill-breathing Predators<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Zintzen, Vincent, Clive D. Roberts, Marti J. Anderson, Andrew L. Stewart, Carl D. Struthers, and Euan S. Harvey. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.11 – Tiszai ingola balinon<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Zsoldos M\u00e1rton is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.12 – The geological time scale for the Phanerozoic Eon \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.13 – Geologic Clock with events and periods<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “Woudloper Derivative work: Hardwigg is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.14 – Conodonta<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Magdal\u00e9na Kostkov\u00e1 is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.15 – Iowagnathus grandus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Derek E.G. Briggs; Huaibao P. Liu; Robert M. McKay; Brian J. Witzke is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.16 – Hindeodus elements<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Muhui Zhang, Haishui Jiang, Mark A. Purnell, Xulong Lai is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.17 – Fossil Fish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jon Houseman is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.18 – Dunkleosteus Sannoble<\/a> \u00a9 Mitternacht90 is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.19 – Dunkleosteus terrelli size<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 PaleoNeolitic is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.20 – Bothriolepis canadensis based on 2014 reconstruction<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Paleobiome is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.21 – Chondrichtyes composite \u00a9 Albert kok, Columbus zoo is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.22 – Extinct chondrichthyes\u00a0\u00a9 G\u00e9ry PARENT<\/a>, James St. John<\/a>, Stanton F. Fink<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.23 – Chondrichthyes cartilage structure<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Seidel, R., Jayasankar, A.K., Dean, M.N. (2020): The multiscale architecture of tessellated cartilage and its relation to function. Jornal of Fish Biology (DOI: 10.1111\/jfb.14444) is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.24 – Diplacanthus striatus fossil fish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 James St. John is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.25 – Acanthodi NT<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Nobu Tamura Email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.26 – Actinopts<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 MathKnight made the composite figure is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.27 – Epinephelus merra JNC3054 Pectoral fin on white background<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jean-Lou Justine is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.28 – Polypterus senegalus (male and female)<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 TVRGolf is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.29 – Paddlefish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.30 – Amia calva<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Stan Shebs is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.31 – Micropterus salmoides captown<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Nervurax Fishing is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.32 – Toothed Oral and Pharyngeal Jaws<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Gareth J Fraser is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.33 – Coelocanth drawing<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 No machine-readable author provided. Bogdan assumed (based on copyright claims). is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.34 – Sarcopterygii<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “User:ArthurWeasley User:Bruce A.S.Henderson User:Mitch Ames User:DiBgd” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.35 – Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer and Coelacanth<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 A Christmas Story: 22 December 1938. The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.36 – Marbled lungfish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 http:\/\/opencage.info\/pics.e\/large_11454.asp is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.37 – Tiktaalik Chicago<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Eduard Sol\u00e0 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.38 – Tiktaalik roseae life restor<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.39 – A phylogenetic tree of the Tetrapodomorpha \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.40 – Simplified phylogeny spanning the fish\u2013tetrapod transition<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Per E. AHLBERG is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.41 – Temnospondyl skulls\u00a0\u00a9 Daderot<\/a> and Em\u0151ke D\u00e9nes<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.42 – The temnospondyl Eryops<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Camelops is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.43 – Diplocaulus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Camelops is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.44 – Brachydectes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Smokeybjb is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.45 – Amphibians<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “http:\/\/calphotos.berkeley.edu<\/a> Author Franco Andreone – see author; https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/102423969ization<\/a>; AND LiquidGhoul” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.46 – Reconstructions of nonamniote reptilomorphs: Archeria2DB<\/a> and <\/span>Seymouria2 <\/span><\/a>\u00a9 Dmitry Bogdanov is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.47 – Dimetrodon skull lateral<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Smokeybjb is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.48 – Various pelycosaurs\u00a0\u00a9 Nobu Tamura<\/a> (http:\/\/spinops.blogspot.com) AND Jonathan Chen<\/a> AND DiBgd<\/a> AND Smokeybjb<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.49 – Therapsida<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Prehistoricplanes is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.50 – Scymnognathus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Eden, Janine and Jim (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/edenpictures\/42384543145\/<\/a>) is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.51 – Cynodont<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Lutz Benseler is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.52 – Monotreme collage<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ypna is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.53 – Marsupialia<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 LittleJerry is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.54 – Placental Mammals 2021 Montage<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 The0Quester is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.55 – Parareptilia\u00a0\u00a9 “Jonathan Chen<\/a> AND Dmitry Bogdanov<\/a> wikidata:Q39957193 AND Nobu Tamura<\/a> (http:\/\/spinops.blogspot.com)” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.56 – Rhynchocephalia\u00a0\u00a9 Tiouraren<\/a> (Y.-C. Tsai) AND KeresH<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.57 – Squamata<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “File:Anelytropsis papillosus, Mexican Blind Lizard, Tamaulipas.jpg: William L. Farr File:Uroplatus fimbriatus (3).jpg: TimVickers File:BennyTrapp Chamaeleo chamaeleon Samos Griechenland.jpg: Benny Trapp File:Lacerta agilis male 2.JPG: Christoph Caina File:White-throated Monitor (Varanus albigularis) looking for food … (30427772662).jpg: Bernard DUPONT from FRANCE File:2017.07.17.-17-Tiefer See oder Grubensee-Storkow (Mark)–Ringelnatter.jpg: Andreas Eichler File:Euspondylus chasqui, male.jpg: Germ\u00e1n Ch\u00e1vez, Karen Siu-Ting, Vilma Duran, Pablo J. Venegas File:Amphisbaena alba03.jpg: Diogo B. Provete File:Blue-toungued skink444.jpg: Benjamint444” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.58 – The skeleton and a reconstruction of the mosasaur Halisaurus\u00a0\u00a9 “Source Ybmos_1b Uploaded by FunkMonk Author Greg Goebel<\/a> from Loveland CO, USA AND Nobu Tamura<\/a> (http:\/\/spinops.blogspot.com)” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.59 – Extant Testudines<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “File:Rotbauchspitzkopfschildkroete-07.jpg File:Indian flapshell turtle with Spots visible 03.jpg File:Galapagos giant tortoise Geochelone elephantopus.jpg File:Hawksbill Turtle.jpg” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.60 – Turtle anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “English: Comparative zoology, structural and systematic : for use in schools and colleges 1883, New York : Harper & Bros.” is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.61 – Archosauria<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 MathKnight is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.62 – Archosaur skull<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jcwf is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.63 – Phylogenetic framework<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “Lee et al. 2020. Evolutionary and ontogenetic changes of the anatomical organization and modularity in the skull of archosaurs. Scientific Reports :16138 |” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.64 – Various pseudosuchians\u00a0\u00a9 “Postosuchus kirkpatricki Uploaded by FunkMonk<\/a> AND Saurosuchus_BW.jpg: ArthurWeasley aweasley@hotmail.com Two Gharials.jpg: Harsha K R from Bangalore, India Angistorhinus_BW.jpg (only included in 1st version, April 2009): Nobu Tamura Longosuchus_BW.jpg: ArthurWeasley aweasley@hotmail.com Chenanisuchus_BW.jpg: ArthurWeasley Dakosaurus2.jpg: Dmitry Bogdanov Litargosuchus leptorhynchus.jpg: Smokeybjb derivative work: Matt Martyniuk (talk)<\/a> ” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.65 – A typical crurotarsal ankle found in Pseudosuchia and a typical mesotarsal ankle found in Avemetatarsalia<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.66 – Examples of Pterosauria\u00a0\u00a9 “Dmitry Bogdanov wikidata:Q39957193<\/a> AND Tim Evanson<\/a> AND Armin Reindl<\/a> AND Slate Weasel<\/a>” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.67 – Dinosaur hip structure. Saurischia pelvis structure<\/a> AND <\/span>Ornithischia pelvis structure <\/span><\/a>\u00a9 Fred the Oyster is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.68 – Ornithischia montage<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “Heterodontosaurus_tucki_cast_-_University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology_-_Berkeley,_CA_-_DSC04696.JPG Nipponosaurus.jpg Stegosaurus_ungulatus.jpg Borealopelta_Royal_Tyrrell_2.jpg Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_Stegoceras.jpg Triceratops_Specimen_at_the_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_v01.jpg Author User:Daderot [1] [2] User:Etemenaki3 [3] User:Agsftw” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.69 – Sauropodomorpha<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “Fanboyphilosopher (File:Eoraptor Deep Time.jpg) FunkMonk (File:Plateosaurus Skelett 2.jpg) Ad Meskens (File:Brontosaurus Yale Peabody cropped.jpg) Ghedoghedo (File:Europasaurus holgeri.jpg) James St. John (File:Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis Field Museum.jpg) Kabacchi (File:Nigersaurus mount.jpg) William Irvin Sellers, Lee Margetts, Rodolfo An\u00edbal Coria, Phillip Lars Manning (File:Argentinosaurus skeleton, PLoS ONE.png) ScottRobertAnselmo (File:CM Diplodocus.jpg) AStrangerintheAlps (File:FMNH Brachiosaurus.JPG)” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.70 – Theropod dinosaurs \u00a9 “This file was derived from: Allosaurus_SDNHM.jpg: Sheep81<\/a> AND Jens Lallensack<\/a> AND Dinoguy2<\/a> ” is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.71 – Three equally plausible phylogenetic trees \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.72 – Examples of paravian dinosaurs \u00a9 James St. John, Ohio State University, Newark<\/a> AND NobuTamura http:\/\/paleoexhibit.blogspot.com\/ http:\/\/spinops.blogspot.com\/<\/a> AND Emily Willoughby (emily.a.willoughby@gmail.com)<\/a> is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.73 – Birds and fossils\u00a0\u00a9 James St. John, Ohio State University, Newark<\/a> AND NobuTamura http:\/\/paleoexhibit.blogspot.com\/ http:\/\/spinops.blogspot.com\/<\/a> AND Emily Willoughby (emily.a.willoughby@gmail.com)<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.74 – Bird Diversity 2013<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 “ade from the following Wikimedia free images (some cropped and\/or rotated): Row 1 (left to right) Red-crested Turaco RWD.jpg \u2014 Red-crested Turaco (Tauraco erythrolophus) Balaeniceps rex – Weltvogelpark Walsrode 09-2010 2.jpg \u2014 Shoebill (Balaeniceps rex) Phaethon lepturus (Warwick, Bermuda).jpg \u2014 White-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus) Row 2 Haliaeetus pelagicus (Rausu, Japan).jpg \u2014 Steller’s Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) Balearica regulorum (Tarime, Tanzania).jpg \u2014 Grey Crowned Crane (Balearica regulorum) Pavo cristatus -Castellar Zoo, Castellar de la Frontera, Spain-8a.png \u2014 Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Row 3 File:Rock dove – natures pics.jpg \u2014 Rock Dove(Columba livia) Calypte anna -San Luis Obispo, California, USA -male -flying-8.jpg \u2014 Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna) Puffin Latrabjarg Iceland.jpg \u2014 Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica) Row 4 Casuarius casuarius (Carmoo QLD, Australia).jpg \u2014 Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) Trichoglossus haematodus (Melbourne, Australia).jpg \u2014 Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) Caribbean flamingo at slimbridge arp.jpg \u2014 American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) Row 5 Antarctic, gentoo penguin (js) 16.jpg \u2014 Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) Ardea cinerea 1.JPG \u2014 Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) Sula nebouxii -Santa Cruz, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador-8 (2).jpg \u2014 Blue-footed Booby (Sula nebouxii) Row 6 Minla strigula – Doi Inthanon.jpg \u2014 Bar-throated Minla (Minla strigula) Eurasian Eagle-Owl RWD.jpg \u2014 Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Bubo bubo) Keel-billed toucan woodland.jpg \u2014 Keel-billed Toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus)” is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 3.75 – Aepyornis and Dromornis stirtoni \u00a9 Kevmin<\/a> AND Museon, Den Haag<\/a> is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 4<\/h2>\n

Figure 4.1 – Final stem cell differentiation (1)<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Haileyfournier is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.2 – Auge Entwicklung<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 P. Stanka is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.3 – Deer sperm<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ros-Santaella JL, Pintus E, Garde JJ. 2015. Intramale variation in sperm size: functional significance in a polygynous mammal. PeerJ 3:e1478 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.4 – Macrolecithal zebrafish embryo and Human oocyte<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Swinburne et al., 2011, PLoS ONE is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.5 – Ovocyte II<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Samuel J. Holmes; Kuroda et al.; Zachary Wilson; NinaSes; Swift D; Hill, M.A. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.6 – Diagram of Blastocyst stage<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Zachary Wilson \/ CK-12 Foundation<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.7 – Gastrulation in a chicken embryo<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Serrano N\u00e1jera G, Weijer CJ. The evolution of gastrulation morphologies. Development. 2023 Apr 1;150(7):dev200885. doi: 10.1242\/dev.200885. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.8 – Derivatives of the mammalian inner cell mass<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Shparberg RA, Glover HJ and Morris MB (2019) Modeling Mammalian Commitment to the Neural Lineage Using Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells. Front. Physiol. 10:705. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2019.00705 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.9 – Neural crest<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NikNaks is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.10 – Mesoderm regions and their major derivatives<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Tani, S., Chung, Ui., Ohba, S. et al. Understanding paraxial mesoderm development and sclerotome specification for skeletal repair. Exp Mol Med 52, 1166\u20131177 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-020-0482-1 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.11 – Microscopy views<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Hester SD, Belmonte JM, Gens JS, Clendenon SG, Glazier JA (2011) A Multi-cell, Multi-scale Model of Vertebrate Segmentation and Somite Formation. PLoS Comput Biol 7(10): e1002155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002155 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.12 – Diagram of mouse embryo<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Thawani A and Groves AK (2020) Building the Border: Development of the Chordate Neural Plate Border Region and Its Derivatives. Front. Physiol. 11:608880. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2020.608880 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.13 – Embryonic brain<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Nrets, vector conversion by Surachit is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.14 – Neural tube signaling<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Thawani A and Groves AK (2020) Building the Border: Development of the Chordate Neural Plate Border Region and Its Derivatives. Front. Physiol. 11:608880. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2020.608880 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.15 – Chem. Synapse scheme<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.16 – Hox genes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Durston, A. J. (2012). Hox Genes: Master Regulators of the Animal Bodyplan. InTech. doi: 10.5772\/37007 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.17 – Hox in rhombomeres<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Trainor, Paul A., Making Headway: The Roles of Hox Genes and Neural Crest Cells in Craniofacial Development, The Scientific World Journal, 3, 967108, 25 pages, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1100\/tsw.2003.11 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.18 – Stylopod-zygopod-autopod<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Peteruetz is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.19 – Limb bud diagram<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sisi Chen is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.20 – Gene expression bat wing<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Zebra.element is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.21 – Webbed feet phylogeny<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Tokita, M., Matsushita, H. & Asakura, Y. Developmental mechanisms underlying webbed foot morphological diversity in waterbirds. Sci Rep 10, 8028 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-64786-8 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 4.22 – Organizer experiment<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 VAN Robays J. Hilde Mangold-Pr\u00f6scholdt (1898 – 1924): The Spemann-Mangold Organizer. Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 2016 Mar 28;8(1):63-68. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 5<\/h2>\n

Figure 5.1 – Biomaterials \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.2 – Units \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.3 – Forces \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.4 – Scaling \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.5 – Surface area to volume ratios in the wild\u00a0\u00a9 Denali National Park and Reserve<\/a>; Joshua Tree National Park<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.6 – Monsters \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.7 – Stress-Strain \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.8 – Lever systems \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.9 – Loading regimes \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.10 – Stress-strain \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.11 – Drag \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.12 – Lift \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.13 – Posture \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.14 – Form-function \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 5.15 – Feeding morphology \u00a9 Kelly M. Diamond and Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 6<\/h2>\n

Figure 6.1 – Integument Derivatives\u00a0\u00a9 European Brown Bear, Francis Franklin<\/a>; Goldfish scales, Maky Orel<\/a>; Flaco, David Barrett<\/a>; Moose, Ryan Hagerty<\/a>; Komodo dragon claws, Charles Sharp<\/a> is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.2 – Human 01<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Laboratoires Servier is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.3 \u2013 Shark collagen \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.4 – Dunkleosteus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Engelman, R.K. A (2023). Devonian Fish Tale: A New Method of Body Length Estimation Suggests Much Smaller Sizes for Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira). Diversity 2023, 15, 318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/d15030318 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.5 – Denticles<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Viana STFL, Carvalho MR (2020) Squalus shiraii sp. nov. (Squaliformes, Squalidae), a new species of dogfish shark from Japan with regional nominal species revisited. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 275-311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zse.96.51962<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.6 – Fish scales<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Alter welt is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.7 – Reef fish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia User Julia Sumangil is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.8 – Toad and poison dart frog\u00a0\u00a9 Froggydarb<\/a>; Cliff<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.9 – Gila monster\u00a0\u00a9 H. Van der Ploeg<\/a>; Ryan Somma<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.10 – Feathers<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia User Anaxibia is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.11 – Seal whiskers<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Des Colhoun is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 6.12 – Melanoma<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 National Cancer Institute (AV Number: AV-8500-3850; Date Created: 1985 is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 7<\/h2>\n

Figure 7.1 – Human skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 7.2 – Bone Cells<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 7.3 – Hyaline cartilage \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 7.4 \u2013 Elastic cartilage<\/a> and fibrocartilage<\/a> \u00a9 Berkshire Community College Biodiversity Library is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 7.5 – Human femur<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 7.6 \u2013 intramembranous ossification<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 7.7 \u2013 Endochondral ossification<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 8<\/h2>\n

Figure 8.1 – Picture of dog skull<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wagner Souza e Silva \/ Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.2 – Human skull diagram<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.3 – Human skull diagram lateral view<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a> license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.4 -Shark Skull with Arches \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.5 – Dermatocranium<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Woronowicz, K.C., Schneider, R.A. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.6 – Ventral view of crania building on top of each other<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Internet Archive Book Images<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.7 – Skull of the spiny dogfish \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.8 – Skull of the bowfin \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.9 – Skull of the largemouth bass \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.10 – Skull of Tiktaalik \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.11 – Skulls of amphibians \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.12 – Evolutionary changes of cranial bones \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.13 – Skulls of nonavian reptiles \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.14 – Gosling + Other bird skulls \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.15 – Dimetrodon<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Smokeybjb is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.16 – Representative Skulls of Living Mammals \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.17 – The Evolution of the Hard Palate in Mammals \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.18 – Theories of Jaw Evolution\u00a0\u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.19 – Jaw suspension\u00a0\u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.20 – Jaw articulation \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.21 – Evolution of the Jaw Joint and Middle Ear Bones in Mammals \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.22 – Development of Teeth from Early Embryonic Stages \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.23 – Representative Tooth Shapes in Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.24 – 3D Medical Animation Still Showing Types of Teeth<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Scientific Animations is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.25 – Examples of Modified Teeth (Tusks) in Mammals \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.26 – Carnassial Teeth \u00a9 Cbrookes92 is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.27 – Tooth Shapes and Styles \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.28 – Hypsodont and Brachydont Teeth \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.29 – Styles of Tooth Attachment to the Jaws \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.30 – Heterodonty and Homodonty \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 8.31 – Movements of the Skull Bones During Suction Feeding in Largemouth Bass \u00a9 Kassandra Ford and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 9<\/h2>\n

Figure 9.1 – Skeleton differences<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.2 – Generalized vertebrae<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.3 – Fish transverse section is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.4 – Salamender Skeleton is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.5 – Lizard Skeleton<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.6 – Lizard Neck is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.7 – Turtle Skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 RaviSarma is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.8 – Parrot Skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Augsburg Nature Museum, Tiia Monto is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.9 – Ostrich Skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.10 – Limpkin Ribs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 REM is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.11 – Human Ribs and Sternum<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.12 – Amphioxus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.13 – Fish vertebrae \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.14 – Modified human atlas<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.15 – Frog Skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Lambert et al 2017: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zse.93.10188 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.16 – Snake-necked turtle<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Marijan Tunjic is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.17 – Turtle skeleton \u00a9 Kelsey Murdock is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.18 – Bird skeletons<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Christian Heinrich Pander and Eduard d\u2019 Alton is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.19 – Bird skeleton<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jrockley is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.20 – Human vertebral column<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.21 – Giraffe and blue whale vertbrae \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.22 – Cheetah gallop<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Dennis Donohue is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 9.23 – Human herniated disc<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 SMART-Servier Medical Art, part of Laboratoires Servier. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 10<\/h2>\n

Figure 10.1 – Skeleton differences<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.2 – Fin-fold vs. Gill-arch theory \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.3 – Fin structure \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.4 – ancestral relative position of the pelvis to the vertebral column \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.5 – pectoral girdle structure \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.6 – fin vs limb structure \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.7 – fin vs limb developmental axis \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.8 – three early tetrapods is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.9 – early tetrapod pectoral and pelvic girdles \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.10 – girdle attachment \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.11 – dog pelvis<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.12 – human pelvis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 U.S. National Cancer Institute, Fred the Oyster is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.13 – armadillo arm \u00a9 David Stang is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.14 – astragalus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 BodyParts3D is made by DBCLS is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.15 – ichthyosaur paddle<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Samuel Wendell Williston is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.16 – wings<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 John Romanes is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.17 – bird skeleton \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.18 – synapsid vs mammal pectoral girdle \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.19 – human scapula<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.20 – human femur<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Anatomography is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.21 – human forearm<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 10.22 – human knee<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 11<\/h2>\n

Figure 11.1 – muscle tissue types \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 11.2 – myocyte \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 11.3 – sarcomere and filaments<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 11.4 – cusk eel<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 11.5 – sarcomere contraction<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 11.6 – cusk eel<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NOAA via @DeepSeaImage. is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 11.7 – NMJ<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 11.8 – antagonist muscles \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 11.9 – fused vs unfused tetanus \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 11.10 – length tension relationship<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Daniel Walsh and Alan Sved; Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 11.11 – muscle fiber types<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 12<\/h2>\n

Figure 12.1 – muscle organization<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 12.2 – tendon anatomy \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 12.3 – origin vs insertion \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 12.4 – muscle shapes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 12.5 – shark vs. human extraocculars \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 12.6 – jaw closing muscles \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 12.7 – body wall layers \u00a9 Vanessa K Hilliard is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 12.8 – human musculature<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 12.9 – human muscular anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Betts et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 12.10 – piriformis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 John Kiel,\u2009Chris Hauglid<\/p>\n

Figure 12.11 – iliopsoas<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 13<\/h2>\n

Figure 13.1 – Vertebreate gut \u00a9 Donovan P. German is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 13.2 – Mammalian stomach \u00a9 Stevens CE, Hume ID<\/p>\n

Figure 13.3 – Intestine<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NIH \/ National Cancer Institute is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 13.4 – Anatomy of Intestine \u00a9 Donovan P. German is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 13.5 – Digestive system of fish<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 13.6 – Principle nutrients \u00a9 Donovan P. German is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 13.7 – Nominal surface area of small intestines<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Caviedes-Vidal, E, et. al (Non-commercial use permitted per https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0405514101)<\/p>\n

Figure 13.8 – Synteny maps \u00a9 Donovan P. German is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 14<\/h2>\n

Figure 14.1 – Diffusion animation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jacopo Bertolotti is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.2 – Scaling relationship \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.3 – Basic respiratory anatomy \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.4 – Ventilation pump mechanisms<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Samuel Garman is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.5 – frog skin folds \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.6 – Lung budding development<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.7 – Salamander egg mass<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Alpinetrout is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.8 – Embryos<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ross, C. and Boroviak, T.E is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.9 – Respiration phylogeny \u00a9 Levi; Ph\u1ea1m Thanh L\u1ed9c; sachin modgekar; Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.10 – Respiration diversity and ecology \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.11 – Gill anatomy \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.12 – lung anatomy \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.13 – 2- and 4-stroke breaths \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.14 – Lung chambers \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.15 – crocodile diaphragmaticus \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.16 – bird ventilation \u00a9 Elska Kaczmarek, Jackson Phillips, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.17 – Human lungs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Uwe Gille is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.18 – mammal ventilation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.19 – human lung branching<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.20 – intrapleural space<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.21 – human lung capacities<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Laboratoires Servier is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.22 – Branching pattern<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.23 – Human lungs and pleural cavity<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.24<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Johnson, A.E.W., Pollard, T.J., Berkowitz, S.J. et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.25 – Chest X-Ray<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 14.26 – Lung volumes and capacities<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 15<\/h2>\n

Figure 15.1 – Circulation schematic\u00a0\u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.2 – Artery Structure<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Blausen.com staff is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.3 – Capillary type<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Elizabeth2424 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.4 – Vessel blood pressure\u00a0\u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.5 – Lymphatic capillaries<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 CFCF is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.6 – Lymphatic organs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Blausen.com staff is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.7 – Embryo heart<\/a> \u00a9 Jenson et al. (Reused with permission per https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/about\/policies-and-standards\/copyright<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Figure 15.8 – Fish circulation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.9 – Pulmonary and systemic circuits<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.10 – Aortic arches<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Tatco V is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.10 – Aortic arches<\/a> \u00a9 Tatco V is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.11\u00a0 – Vert hearts \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.12 – Vert aortic arches \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.13 – Heart cross-sections \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.14 – Fish breathing schematics \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.15 – Lungfish heart \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.16 – Shunting \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.17 – Amphibian heart<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jon Houseman is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.18 – Generalized reptile heart \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.19 – Schematics of bloodflow \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.20 – Crocodile Heart<\/a> \u00a9 LittleJerry is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.21 – Cardiac Architecture \u00a9 Bjarke Jensen, William Joyce, Tobias Wang, Bill Ryerson, and Lisa Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.22 – Cardian Conduction<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Panara, Virginia, Zuzana Varaliov\u00e1, J\u00f6rg Wilting, Katarzyna Koltowska, and Michael Jeltsch is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.23 – Vertebrate cladogram<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Banda, C.H., Shiraishi, M., Mitsui, K. et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 15.24 – The secondary vascular system (SVS) and lymphatic vascular system (LVS) in ray-finned fishes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 16<\/h2>\n

Figure 16.1 – General nephron \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.2 – Bovine kidney capillaries<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wagner Souza e Silva \/ Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.3 – Nephron particualrs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Biology 2e is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.4 – Nephrotome drawing<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1908 is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.5 – Tripartite kidney<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ashley Sawle is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.6 – Hagfish kidney \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.7 – Lamprey life cycle<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Salas CA, Yopak KE, Warrington RE, Hart NS, Potter IC and Collin SP is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.8 – Shark kidney \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.9 – Salmon<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Hans-Petter Fjeld is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.10 – Bull shark<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Pterantula is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.11 – Head kidney \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.12 – Fish osmoreg\u00a0\u00a9 Kare Kare modified by Biezl<\/a> AND Raver, Duane; modified by Biezl<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.13 – Nephrons \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.14 – Frog anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Agha Haseebullah Khan is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.15 – Mammal kidneys<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 L. Keogh; D. Kilroy; S. Bhattacharjee is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.16 – Human kidney<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Open Stax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.17 – Human nephron<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jennifer Lange is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.18 – Dolphin kidney<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sur, Roger L.; Meegan, Jenny M.; Smith, Cynthia R.; Schmitt, Todd; L’Esperance, James; Hendrikson, Dean; Woo, Jason R. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.19 – Snake anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9\u00a0Uwe Gille<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 16.20 – Avian kidney \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 17<\/h2>\n

Figure 17.1 – General gonads<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kanamori & Kobayashi. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.2 – Rabbit ovary section<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 J. Bredl, RVC is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivatives)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.3 – Ovary with broad ligament<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Henry Gray is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.4 – Human testis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Openstax Human Anatomy & Physiology is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.5 – Sex differentiation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Original work, adapted from Gilbert SF. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.6 – Oogenesis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Openstax Human Anatomy & Physiology is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.7 – Sperm production<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Openstax Human Anatomy & Physiology is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.8 – Sequenetial hermaphrodism<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Brooke Fitzwater (Bfitzwater) is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.9 – Hagfish eggs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NOAA is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.10 – River lamprey<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kanamori & Kobayashi is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.11 – Generalized vert urogenital<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kanamori & Kobayashi. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.12 – Porbeagle male \u00a9 NOAA is licensed under a Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.13 – Blacktip reef claspers<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 lwolfartist is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.14 – Fish testes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kanamori & Kobayashi is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.15 – Urogential papilla<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Peter van der Sluijs is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.16 – Guppies<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Amy E. Deacon, Hideyasu Shimadzu, Maria Dornelas, Indar W. Ramnarine & Anne E. Magurran is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.17 – Frog gonads<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Maribel M\u00e9ndez-Tepepa, Cuauht\u00e9moc Morales-Cruz, Edelmira Garc\u00eda-Nieto & Arely Anaya-Hern\u00e1ndez is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.18 – Salamander mating<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Roger Culos is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.19 – Amplexus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Fredlyfish4 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.20 – Tailed frog<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Mokele is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.21 – Turtle penis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Jollie, Malcolm is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.22 – CT scan hemipenes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Roberts JR, Iova B, Austin CC is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.23 – Rattlesnake hemipenes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Tess Thornton is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.24 – Lizard hemipenes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sharp Photography, sharpphotography is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.25 – Gecko mating<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Basile Morin is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.26 – Mallard penis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Glen Bowman from Newcastle, England is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.27 – Dove mating<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Satdeep Gill is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.28 – Descent of testes<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.29 – Platypus anatomy male<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Esouc32 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.30 – Racoon baculum<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Max Charping is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.31 – shark ovaries<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NOAA is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.32 – Teleost ovary stuff \u00a9 Lisa B. Whitenack is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.33 – Generalized vert urogenital<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kanamori & Kobayashi. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.34 – Materpiscus fossil<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sularko Museum Victoria Derivative work MagentaGreen is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.35 – Materpiscus reconstruction<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sularko is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.36 – Frog ovaries<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Maribel M\u00e9ndez-Tepepa, Cuauht\u00e9moc Morales-Cruz, Edelmira Garc\u00eda-Nieto & Arely Anaya-Hern\u00e1ndez is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.37 – Salamander eggs<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Kent Mason\/USFWS is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.38 – Amniotic egg evolution<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ross, C., Boroviak, T.E. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.39 – Clitoris<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Michael Sch\u00fcnke, Erik Schulte, Udo Schumacher is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.40 – Bird oviduct<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Keyanapardilla98 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.41 – bird vaginas<\/a> \u00a9 Patricia L.R. Brennan ,Richard O. Prum,Kevin G. McCracken,Michael D. Sorenson,Robert E. Wilson,Tim R. Birkhead is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.42 – Snake ovary<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Internet Archive Book Images is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.43 – Platypus anatomy male<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Internet Archive Book Images is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.44 – Uteruses<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Sciencia58 is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.45 – Mole bits<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Rafael Jim\u00e9nez1, Miguel Burgos1, and Francisco J. Barrionuevo1 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.46 – Spotted hyena<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 flowcomm is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.47 – Spotted hyena reproductive tracts<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Anatomische Gesellschaft is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.48 – Placenta<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.49 – Mammary glands: Mammal with nipples<\/a>; Mammal with teets<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ruth Lawson is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.50 – Human uterus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.51 – Human vulva<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.52 – Human testes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.53 – Human penis<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax College is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.54 – Birth canal<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Stansfield, E., Fischer, B., Grunstra, N.D.S. et al. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.55 – Pelvis dimoprhism<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Anatomy & Physiology is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 17.56 – Q angle<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Anatomy & Physiology is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 18<\/h2>\n

Figure 18.1 – CNS vs PNS<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.2 – Neuron<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.3 – Brain lobes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.4 – Glial cells<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.5 – Brain development<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.6 – Dogfish and human<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia user Looie496 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.7 – Ventricles<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia user BruceBlaus is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.8 – Meninges<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 www.scientificanimations.com is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.9 – Brain development<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.10 – Spinal cords of four different tetrapod species \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.11 – Transverse sections of the spinal cord \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.12 – Variation of spinal cord structure in an ostrich \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.13 – Lumbar puncture<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Cancer Research UK is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.14 – Eagle<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 White and Yellow Shallow Focus Bird Photography is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.15 – Lamprey Brain<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Loonen, Anton JM, and Svetlana A. Ivanova. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.16 – Gray and white matter<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.17 – Zebrafish brain<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Bloch, Solal, Manon Thomas, Ingrid Colin, Sonya Galant, Elodie Machado, Pierre Affaticati, Arnim Jenett, and Kei Yamamoto. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.18 – Pallium<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikimedia user Looie496 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.19 – Frog brain \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.20 – Alligator brain \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.21 – Wulst<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Graham R. Martin , Kerry-Jayne Wilson, J. Martin Wild, Stuart Parsons, M. Fabiana Kubke, Jeremy Corfield is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.22 – Mouse and human brain<\/a> \u00a9 Lauren N. Miterko, Elizabeth P. Lackey, Elizabeth P. Lackey, Detlef H. Heck, Roy V. Sillitoe is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.23 – Mammal brains<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 University of Wisconsin and Michigan State Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.24 – Brain lobes<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.25 – Cortices and association areas<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 18.26 – Homunculus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 19<\/h2>\n

Figure 19.1 – Sensory and motor pathways<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Wikipedia user MartaAguayo is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 19.2 – Autonomic system in humans<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Meredith Pomietlo is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 19.3 – Spinal nerve<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Vectorized in CorelDraw by Mysid on an existing image at en-wiki by Tristanb. is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 19.4 – Cervical and brachial plexus<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax.org is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 19.5 – Human cranial nerves<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax.org is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 19.6 – Cranial nerve of sharks \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 19.7 – Laryngeal nerve \u00a9 Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 20<\/h2>\n

Figure 20.1 – Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 NASA is licensed under a\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 20.2 – Primate eye and retina<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 20.3 – Eye structure across vertebrates \u00a9 Brett Aiello, Lauren Simonitis, Kate Criswell, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 20.4 – Slit pupil \u00a9 Brett Aiello, Lauren Simonitis, Kate Criswell, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 20.5 – Development of vertebrate eyes \u00a9 Brett Aiello, Lauren Simonitis, Kate Criswell, and Bill Ryerson is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 20.6 – Main olfactory system<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 20.7 – Human tongue papillae<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 20.8 – Vestibular apparatus anatomy<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 20.9 – Semicircular canals<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 20.10 – Mammalian auditory system<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 20.11 – Cross-sectional anatomy of the human cochlea<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 OpenStax Human AP Book is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Chapter 21<\/h2>\n

Figure 21.1 – Major endocrine glands \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.2 – Exocrine and endocrine glands \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.3 – Protein versus steroid hormones<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 BorisTM is licensed under a\u00a0CC0 (Creative Commons Zero)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.4 – Negative feedback loop<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.5 – Hypothalamus and pituitary gland in a human<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.6 – Tropic hormones from the pituitary gland<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Richard E. Jones, Kristin Lopez., is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a> license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.7 – Two lobes of pituitary gland<\/a> \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.8 – Pigeon crop milk<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Ruggero Turra is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.9 – Hypothalamus evolution<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Santiago-Andres, Golan and Fiordelisi is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.10\u00a0 – Pituitary arrangment<\/a> \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.11 – Human pineal gland<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Vasey, McBride, and Penta is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.12 – Parietal eye<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 TheAlphaWolf is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.13 – Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.14 – Human thyroid and parathyroid glands \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.15 – Regulation of blood calcium levels<\/a> \u00a9 Mkaram19 is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.16 – Pancreatic islets \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.17 – Blood glucose regulation<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Carogonz11 is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.18 – Brockmann body (Figure 2) from Chanet et al. (2023), Scientific Reports<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Chanet, Schnell, Guintard, Chen is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.19 – Adrenal gland sitting on top of kidney showing medulla vs. cortex layers \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.20 – Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA axis) \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.21 – Adrenal glands across Squamata (Figure 1) from Capaldo 2023 Animals<\/a>\u00a0\u00a9 Capaldo is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.22 – Testes and ovaries \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.23 – Examples of secondary sex characteristics\u00a0\u00a9 Adrian Pingstone<\/a>; Karl Moor<\/a>; Mu\u00f1oz RC, Zgliczynski BJ, Laughlin JL, Teer BZ<\/a> is licensed under a\u00a0CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n

Figure 21.24 – Hypothalamic\u2013pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) \u00a9 Jennifer L. Houtz is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution)<\/a>\u00a0license<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/942"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"version-history":[{"count":55,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/942\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1124,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/942\/revisions\/1124"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/942\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=942"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=942"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=942"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palni.org\/comparativevertebrateandhumananatomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=942"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}